Antonio Gramscis Theory of Hegemony

Antonio Gramscis Theory of Hegemony Hegemony is the processes by which dominant culture maintains its dominant position: for example, the use of institutions to formalize power; the employment of a bureaucracy to make power seem abstract (and, therefore, not attached to any one individual); the inculcation of the populace in the ideals of the hegomonic group through education, advertising, publication, etc.; the mobilization of a police force as well as military personnel to subdue opposition. In international relations, there is a consolidated tradition that associates hegemony and world order. Nevertheless, the relation between the two variables, their interpretation, and the direction of the causal link between them, is still a matter of scholarly debate. The definition of hegemony and an empire has been hotly debated over the past few decades. Some believe hegemony is a tactic to avoid the word empire and the negative connotations that are associated with it. Others believe that a hegemony is a more technical, well thought out form of an empire. Some believe it is a lesser form of imperialism. Although one thing that is not disputed is the fact that hegemony very well is a form of dominance over a smaller, weaker nation, and no matter what one may call it, or how it may be approached, dominance will continue to flourish through the ages. Referring to the organization of the international system after the Second World War, Kindleberger argued that stensibly, the system was organized by rules and international institutions. In reality, it was led by the United States In this essay, Antonio Gramscis hegemony approach will be deeply analysed and examined and also compared and contrasted with the others approaches. GRAMSCIS THEORY OF HEGEMONY In order to understand Gramsci and the concept of hegemony, one has to look briefly at the work of Karl Marx. Marxism viewed everything in life as determined by capital. (Williams, R. 1977) The flow of money affects our relations with other people and the world surrounding us. Marx stated that everything around us, our activities and way of life is determined by economic content. According to Marxism, men find themselves born in a process independent of their will, they cannot control it, they can seek only to understand it and guide their actions accordingly. (Williams, R. 1977) The class struggle was an important part of Marxism. Marxism stated that society can only be understood in terms of a system where the dominant ideas are formulated by the ruling class to secure its control over the working class. (Williams, R. 1977) Due to exploitation, the working class will eventually try and change this situation through revolution producing its own ideas as well as its own industrial and political organization. Marxs work is highly influenced by economic reasoning. He divides this economic reasoning into two levels, being the base and superstructure. The base is composed by the material production, money, objects, the relations of production and the stage of development of productive forces. (Williams, R. 1977) The superstructure is where we find the political and ideological institutions, our social relations, set of ideas; our cultures, hopes, dreams and spirit. (Williams, R. 1977) Both the base and superstructure are shaped by capital. While one could say that Marx was primarily concerned with the base and economic issues, Gramscis work seeks to focus on the superstructure and ideologies. For Gramsci, the class struggle must always involve ideas and ideologies. These ideas would lead to a revolution and to change. Gramsci tried to build a theory which recognized the autonomy, independence and importance of culture and ideology. (Ransome, P. 1992) Gramsci took the superstructure a step further when he divided it into institutions that were coercive and those that were not. The coercive ones, were basically the public institutions such as the government, police, armed forces and the legal system which he regarded as the state or political society and the non-coercive ones were the others such as the churches, the schools, trade unions, political parties, cultural associations, clubs and family, which he regarded as civil society. (Boggs, C. 1976) So for Gramsci, society was made up of the relations of production as w ell as the state or political society and civil society. Gramsci accepted the analysis of capitalism put forward by Marx and accepted that the struggle between the ruling class and the subordinate working class was the driving force that moved society forward. (Boggs, C. 1976) Gramsci did not agree with the notion put forward by Marx that the ruling class stayed in power solely because they had economic power. He thus introduced his own concept using ideology. Ideology is the shared ideas or beliefs which serve to justify the interests of dominant groups. (Boggs, C. 1976) Gramsci felt that ideological power kept the ruling class in power because it allowed them to brainwash and manipulate the rest of society. Ideology is the cohesive force which binds people together. Ideology, like hegemony must not only express the class interests of the capitalist or working class. Gramsci insists that ideology has a material nature in the social lives of individuals, as ideologies are embedded in communal modes of living and acting. (R. Simon, 1992) This means that ideologies are embodied in the social practices of individuals and in the institutions and organizations within which these social practices take place. Ideology provides people with the rules of practical conduct and moral behavior. Ideological power stems from norms or shared understandings of how people should act morally in their relations with each other. (R. Simon, 1992) Those who monopolize ideological power have authority over others. Subordinate groups tend to accept the ideas and values of the dominant group without physical or mental influence because they know no better or there are not other alternatives. (Ransome, P. 1992) From Gramscis view, the bourgeoisie gained and maintained power due to economic domination and intellectual and moral leadership. Here, Gramsci introduced a new concept which he called hegemony. Hegemony is a set of ideas by means of which dominant groups strive to secure the consent of subordinate groups to their leadership. (Ransome, P. 1992) It occurs when dominant classes in society maintain their dominance persuading the other classes of society to accept their moral, political and cultural values. This means that the majority in a population give consent to policies and ideologies implemented by those in power. One must not assume that this consent is always willing. Those in power may combine physical force or coercion with intellectual, moral and cultural persuasion. (Ransome, P. 1 992) The dominant ideology is thus accepted, practiced and spread. Hegemony emerges out of social and class struggles and serves to shape and influence people. According to Gramsci, hegemony never disappears but is constantly changed. He describes two forms of social control. The first type is coercive control which is achieved through the use of direct force or threat of force. (Simon, R. 1992) The second type is consensual control which arises when individuals voluntarily adopt the worldview of the dominant group. (Simon, R. 1992) Gramsci says that within civil society, the dominant group exercises hegemony which is intellectual domination over the subordinate group or consensual control, whereas in political society, domination is exercised through state or juridical government or coercive control. (Gramsci, A. 1971) These functions are very much interlinked in the sense that intellectual domination is usually preceded by political domination. Social hegemony and political government are enforced historically in which the dominant group enjoys its position because of its function in the world of production and legally by state coercive power which enforces discipline on groups that do not consent. (Gramsci, A. 1971) This gives rise to a division of labor or specialization and to a whole hierarchy of qualifications. Gramsci stated that the only way the working class can achieve hegemony is if it takes into account the interests of other groups and social forces and finds ways of combining them with its own interests. (Ransome, P. 1992) In other words, the working class will need to build alliances with social minorities, taking into account their struggles against the capital class, thus strengthening the position of the working class. The labour process was at the center of the class struggle but it was the ideological struggle that had to be addressed if the mass of the people were to come to a realization that allowed them to question their political and economic rulers right to rule. Hegemony is exercised in civil society which is a tangle of class struggles and democratic struggles. (Simon, R. 1992) Hegemony in civil society must achieve leadership in the sphere of production taken up by the bourgeoisie, controlling the productive process and achieving state power. Those who have economic power have a strong link to political power and vice versa. Those who monopolize control over economic production, distribution, exchange and consumption is the dominant class which has the most power. A change in hegemony may occur when the dominant class begins to break up, creating an opportunity for the subordinate classes to merge and build up a movement capable of challenging the weakened dominant class and achieving hegemony. But, if this opportunity is not taken, then the dominant class has the opportunity to reorganize new alliances and reestablish hegemony. Hegemony goes beyond culture which is the whole social process in which people define and shape their lives. It is bases in ideology which is a system of meanings and values that expresses a particular class interest. (Simon, R. 1992) In order to create a class strong enough to have hegemony, one has to first instill a solid ideology based on specific interests that will dominate the rest of society, using the influence of capitalist relations. Gramsci felt that in order to have hegemony, ideologies have to be instilled by certain people or leaders. Gramsci identified intellectuals as leaders in society. He identified two types of intellectuals. The first is traditional intellectuals who are people that regard themselves as independent of the dominant social group and are regarded as such by the majority of the population. (Gramsci, A. 1971) The second type is the organic intellectual. This is the group that grows organically with the ruling class, and is their thinking and organizing element. (Gramsci, A. 1971) They were produced by the educational system to perform a function for the dominant social group in society. It is through this group that the ruling class maintains its hegemony over the rest of society.

Description of Jail Essay

A description of jail’s place in corrections and its role throughout history A summary of the history of state and federal prisons A comparison of the similarities and differences between security levels in jails, state prisons, and federal prisons An explanation of factors influencing growth in jails, state prisons, and federal prisons Jails have been present within the criminal justice system for as long as you can probably date back. Jails play a vital role in the correction system. When jails originated they were used to serve the sole purpose of keeping an individual confined. In the beginning the jails and their conditions were inhumane and very harsh. Jails were not they type of place that individuals would like to be and often times people feared the possibility of having to go to jail. There are many reasons why people feared going to jail and one of the main reasons were because of the conditions that present in jail. There were many times where the inmates were not fed and they hygienic conditions were poor. As time progressed factors about jails changed. Jails were no longer only used to house criminals but they were also used to rehabilitate the criminal and allow them to opportunity change enough to be released safely into society. As time progressed jails begin to add programs that allow them to advance and further themselves. It is now possible to obtain a high school diploma while being incarcerated in jail. There are now programs that help aid drug addicts and alcoholics recover from their addictions before they are released. There are also programs that allow inmates to obtain a trade degree that they can use once they are released back into society. You made a lot of valid points within your post. I use to always wonder why exactly criminals committed the crimes that they did, like what possessed them to do those type of things? I wonder now if criminals weigh crime and punishment why would they feel as of the reward that they will gain from committing a crime is worth their life and their freedom most of the time. Maybe these thoughts vary from person to person meaning what I may not think will be worth the punishment that will be received from a crime but others may not agree with my thought process.

Effective Communication Essay

Effective communication is an important process in everyday life. Communication is a continuous process of exchanging verbal and non-verbal messages. Listening and hearing are two very different concepts. Hearing is the act of perceiving sound by the ear. While listening is something you consciously choose to do. Formal and informal channels of communication flow upward, downward and horizontal. Barriers to effective communication alter or distort the message being sent. Emotions and physical limitations greatly impact the messages being delivered or how the recipient receives the message. Effective communication is an important aspect within the criminal justice field. Effective Communication Effective communication is an important process in everyday life. While communicating an individual gives nonverbal cues as well as verbal cues. Both are very important to the communicating process. Listening and hearing are two very different concepts. Listening constitutes and understanding of the information received. Information flows upward, downward and horizontally. Within the flow of communication there are formal and informal channels, especially in the criminal justice field. Within the communication process there can be many barriers to inhibit the use of effective communication. The four main barriers to communication are emotional barriers, physical barriers, semantic barriers and ineffective listening. Overcoming these barriers is important to the criminal justice field. Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Communication is a continuous process of exchanging verbal and non-verbal messages. While communicating we must be aware of our verbal, nonverbal and para-verbal messages (Wallace, 2009). Verbal messages are words. Nonverbal messages are the body language presented when the words are spoken. Para-verbal messages are the tone, pitch and pacing of the voice. It is important that all three correspond with one another. If you are saying yes and shaking your head no, that gives a confusing and inconsistent message to the recipient. In all of our communications we want to strive to send consistent verbal, para-verbal and nonverbal messages. When our messages are inconsistent, the recipient may become confused. Thus, the recipient may not understand the message completely and provide poor feedback to the sender. Becoming an effective sender and recipient is important. Understanding the messages received and providing proper feedback is essential. Listening and Hearing Hearing is the act of perceiving sound by the ear. If you are not hearing-impaired, hearing simply happens. Listening, however, is something you consciously choose to do. Listening requires concentration so that your brain processes meaning from words and sentences. â€Å"The difference between the sense of hearing and the skill of listening is attention† (Horowitz, 2012) Listening is an essential part of the communication process. If the receiver is not listening to the message being sent and only hearing it, the information is not being processed and proper feedback cannot be returned. Therefore, the sender does not know if the receiver understands the message being delivered. Formal and Informal Channels Communication flows downward, upward or horizontal (Wallace, 2009). The most common flow of communication is downward, from supervisors to subordinates. In the criminal justice system downward communication is classified into three categories; orders, procedures and personnel information. Upward communication is information provided to supervisors from subordinates. It is also classified into three categories; performance communication, information and clarification. Horizontal communication is the flow of information between personnel at the same levels. It is also classified into three categories; coordination, social issues and problem solving. Formal and informal channels of communication flow upward, downward and horizontal. â€Å"The formal channels are the strict procedures defined by the policies of the organization. The informal channels consist of the undocumented sharing of information† (Sinclair, n. . ). Formal channels of communication are strict rules of communication within the department, such as reports, evidence custody, policies and procedures. Informal channels of communication are the sharing of information between officers. â€Å"The most common informal channel of communication is the ‘grapevine’ (Sinclair, n. d. ). A good example of the downward flow of communication, using formal and informal channels, is a police department’s shift meeting. During the meeting the oncoming shift is briefed by the supervisor on developments and procedures. This is a mix of formal and informal communication. The department’s SOPs and procedures are discussed and conversations between officers on issues are discussed. This flow of communication is very important to the department. Oncoming officers need to know what has happened prior to their shift in order to continue with the ongoing duties, for example BOLO’s on suspects, and other crimes happening in the area. Information on goings-on in the department’s area of operation is essential for each officer to do their job effectively. Information must flow freely throughout the criminal justice system; from the highest ranking person to the lowest. Barriers to Effective Communication â€Å"Barriers are influencing factors which impede or breakdown the continuous communications loop. They block, distort or alter the information† (Wallace, 2009). The four main barriers to communication are emotional barriers, physical barriers, semantic barriers and ineffective listening (Wallace, 2009). Emotional barriers reside in either the sender or receiver of information. People base their receiving or transmitting of information off of their personal experiences or knowledge. Emotional barriers can stem from low self-esteem, depression and psychological problems. Physical barriers are things in the environment that make the transfer of communication difficult. Physical barriers include malfunctioning equipment, outside noise and distance between the sender and receiver. Any obstacle that slows or impedes the free flow of information is a physical barrier (Wallace, 2009). Semantic barriers refer to the inability to agree on the meaning of certain terms, thus resulting in poor communication (Wallace, 2009). People understand messages differently. A simple vague statement can mean a plethora of things to different people. Ineffective listening is the failure to hear or understand what the sender is transmitting (Wallace, 2009). Numerous reasons exist for ineffective listening. The receiver may be disinterested or bored with the topic. The topic may be too complex or too simple for the recipient. The recipient may also be consumed by personal problems, therefore unattached to the discussion. One of the main barriers those in the criminal justice field face is language. The US is a melting pot of cultures. Not everyone effectively speaks and understands the English language. It is important for those working within the criminal justice field to understand this and work towards mending the barrier. Whether mending it means learning a second language or making sure there are interpreters on hand, it is important to understand and be understood. It is also very important to be an effective listener. Criminal justice employees should not let emotion become a barrier when communicating with each other or citizens of the public. Conclusion Effective communication is an important process in everyday life. While communicating an individual gives nonverbal cues as well as verbal cues. Both are very important to the communicating process. Listening and hearing are two very different concepts. Listening constitutes and understanding of the information received. Information flows upward, downward and horizontally. Within the flow of communication there are formal and informal channels, especially in the criminal justice field. Within the communication process there can be many barriers to inhibit the use of effective communication. The four main barriers to communication are emotional barriers, physical barriers, semantic barriers and ineffective listening. Overcoming these barriers is important to the criminal justice field.

Epstein s Framework Of Six Types Of Involvement - 858 Words

Epstein’s Framework of Six Types of Involvement include: parenting, communicating, volunteering, learning at home, decision making, and collaborating with the community. As a responsible leader, the district leader should engage in professional practice by ensuring that all six types of involvement are included in each of the school’s improvement plan, and that everyone will work together as a team to promote positive change concerning our parental involvement strengths and weaknesses. ISLLC standard 4, states that the school administrator should collaborate with families and community members and use community resources. In order to do this, everyone on the team must be open to diversity and innovation, to create and improve the strategies to get the parents and the community involved and feel welcome in our school. All of these, if done with the students in mind, the parental involvement should improve. The goal and objectives included in my school improvement pl an deals with parental involvement. I like the way Joyce Epstein breaks down the different types of involvement. Each type of involvement includes sample practices, challenges that may occur, redefinitions of words, and results for the students, parents, and teachers. As a teacher, and one day a district leader, I believe that getting parents involved will increase student achievement; however, each individual school and the district, we have to provide ways for the families to become involved. The firstShow MoreRelatedParental Involvement And Academic Achievement1710 Words   |  7 Pages Parental Involvement and Academic Achievement: When does a child become affected by the lack of parental involvement in their lives? Some people may say when the child is older, and can fully understand what’s happening. 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The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara Essay - 1393 Words

In a letter to the reader, Michael Shaara states that his purpose is similar to Stephen Cranes in The Red Badge of Courage. He wishes to display history not as cold facts, but rather in such a way that the reader can live the history. This is to be accomplished through extensive detail of the emotions of the men, the atmosphere of the battle, and strategies of the commanding officers. Accepting this as Shaaras intent, it can be justifiably stated that he succeeds in his objective. The Killer Angels does not merely relate what assaults and defenses where made by which colonels and generals. Instead, the book delves into the emotions of the major figures of the battle and what they endured physically and mentally as they planned for†¦show more content†¦This is most evident in the third day, when Shaara alternates between Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain of the Union and James Longstreet of the Confederacy with one section focusing on Lewis Armistead. Chamberlain and Longst reet are the two major opposing officers, and we see the events from both perspectives. During Picketts charge from Longstreets view, it is conceivable to imagine that the Union forces are easily routing the charging Confederates. However, when the book looks at Chamberlains side, we see that the Union forces are being hit fairly hard by Confederate artillery. By showing us the different characters viewpoints, Shaara also shows us their personal feelings. For example, we learn of the deep friendship between Armistead and the Union Major General Winfield Scott Hancock. This changes the readers view of Armisteads role in Picketts charge. There is now a poignant touch of pathos in seeing Armistead falter with emotion and die at the top of the hill with apologies to Hancock. When the readers can look at the characters of history as human, it becomes easier to grasp not only what they have done, but also why they have done so. 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Critical Reading And Writing Course - 995 Words

I believe I have learned a lot over the semester in the Blugold Seminar in Critical Reading and Writing course. I did not know anything about rhetoric before entering the class and I now feel that I have a good grasp on it. I still struggle a bit remembering some of the rhetorical terms, but I am way more comfortable and familiar with them now. In high school I never really summarized pieces, instead I would quote them. I now feel confident in my abilities to summarize and paraphrase accurately which is a really useful skill to have. Before this course I knew how to use research databases and do ethical research, but I now know more research tools and I know how to check a sources credibility more thoroughly. In segment one, we focused primarily on paraphrasing and summarizing. First, we learned that it is important to read actively in order to dissect the text and absorb all the information we can from it. 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Robotic Process Automation for Swivel Chair- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theRobotic Process Automation for Swivel Chair Process. Answer: Introduction Robotic process automation is an autonomous automation with the limited self learning. Here rule based or structured data inputs are given through the user interface. The autonomous system takes the inputs and processes and as a result stimulates the human action requires solving a particular problem. Robotic Process Application is a technology that enables the users in an organization to configure software to interpret the existing process running in the system (Willcocks, Lacity and Craig 2015). The early stage of RPA is desktop automation which includes solving simple task in high volume and was operated at a single point (Meschini et al. 2016). The next generation of the automation process includes the machine learning, where the machine can judge the best decision that can be taken to solve the problem. The RPA technology can be used in various fields of work such as- process automation, automated assistance ship, management and IT support. Discussion The main factor about the automation can be described as Swivel Chair Process. Here the users swivel between the applications for completing a task (Bals, Kirchoff and Foerstl 2016). The users, here are the interface between two or three application. The automated applied for doing various simple tasks in large scale, like- ERP transactions, data reading, imports or export the files. Importing or exporting the process workflow. Repetitive tasks performed in windows. Managing contacts of employees. The structured data is needed, which can be interpreted by the machine, in order to perform the high volume and the repetitive tasks. These tasks may include: Transactions in a payment system: In the transaction system, the order is taken from the client, the client gives the money to the payment source and the source provides invoice to the client. The whole process is repetitive in nature and needs to manage all the data carefully (Lacit and Willcocks 2015). In this case, the automation can be employed as it can handle the large amount of data in a small time span and the efficiency is high in this case. Keeping the record for the reporting: The record of the internal assets of the company along with all the transaction record is kept for the record. Keeping the general accounting information along with these records can be stored and processed by the automated process. Implementation of RAP: The implementation of RAP can be done through the agile approach. Agile method is a set of rules and principals which determines the direction of progress of the RAP implementation team. There are certain benefits of using agile method: The RAP life cycle can be evaluated in a constant basis. The highest risk associated with the project is considered at the starting of the project and the risks of lower degree are considered at the subsequent stages. The agile method is flexible enough to adopt the change the project environment. In the agile approach the initial phase is of gathering the users story. The user story includes knowing of the requirements of the users clearly. The team members, then decides to deliver the project fulfilling the requirements as much as possible at the end of the sprint (Ramamurthy et al. 2017). The decisions can be taken after the sprint planning meeting. The division of the task is done after this phase, which is known as the sprint blockage (Kirchmer 2017). The sprint can be of two types, for the argent requirement clarification, the sprint can be of 24 hours where the team members can do a meeting with the clients for further clarification. The sprint process for 1-4 weeks and that time frame can be used for the team members to under the requirements and the further steps of the project. The main characteristic of the agile project is that the implementers are very much aware of the top priorities needed in the project in every stages of the implementation (Oliveira 2016). The feedback process helps the client to understand the progress of the project and they can give necessary inputs about the project (Bollard et al. 2017). This approach helps the project team to create the system more accurately. The success factors for implementing the RPA using agile: There are certain factors on which the success of implementation of RPA is dependent. These are- Right governance: The evaluation of the maintenance for the RPA agile system is needed to be done. The impact of the workers on the system is needed to be evaluated along with the training of the personnel. Managing the environmental change: The framework needs to be created so that the RPA can adopt any change in the situation. Identification of right process: The right process for the implementation of RPA is needed to be done, so that the high volume of tasks can be done by the system in a small time span. Control policy: The implementation of RPA needs to be regarded as a part of digital transformation of the company and needs centralized governance. Advantages of Robotic process automation: There are several benefits of using the RPA in the organization. Some of these are- Cost effectiveness: using RPA automation in the organization enables the large volume of work to be done in an efficient way within a small time span. Implementation of the RPA system in the company will cost the organization for one time, but the effectiveness of the RPA system will give a cost effective solution for the company. Reduction of risk: The use of automated system for doing the simple task in large volume will reduce the margin of the risk along with that it will also increase the efficiency of the work. Quality: using the automation in the organization helps to deliver the service of high quality. Apart from these the other benefits those can be received from the use of RPA are- increase of predictability and improvement of time to market. The future of the automation: The future of the automation may increase the possibility of merging of the RPA and the artificial intelligence , where, the system can make decision using its own logic and decision making ability to solve a problem. Conclusion It can be concluded from the above discussions regarding the RPA that, the implementation of this technology is going to be beneficial for the organization. It helps the organization to work effectively by doing the large volume of tasks in a small time. However, the enterprise should consider the RPA system as the integrated part of the company. The right selection of the RPA process is necessary. The right implementation and the maintenance can make the RPA a valuable digital transformation for the organization. References Bals, L., Kirchoff, J.F. and Foerstl, K., 2016. Exploring the reshoring and insourcing decision making process: toward an agenda for future research.Operations Management Research,9(3-4), pp.102-116. Bollard, A., Larrea, E., Singla, A. and Sood, R., 2017. The next-generation operating model for the digital world.Digital McKinsey", March. Kirchmer, M., 2017. Robotic Process AutomationPragmatic Solution or Dangerous Illusion?.BTOES Insights, June. Lacity, M. and Willcocks, L., 2015. What knowledge workers stand to gain from automation.Harv. Bus. Rev,19. Meschini, S., Iturralde, K., Linner, T. and Bock, T., 2016. Novel applications offered by Integration of Robotic Tools in BIM-based Design Workflow for Automation in Construction Processes.Advanced Construction and Building Technology for Society, p.59. Oliveira, J., 2016. Robotic Process Automation (RPA). Ramamurthy, R. and Cillanki, R.M., Epiance Software Pvt Ltd, 2017.Intelligent, interactive, and self-learning robotic process automation system. U.S. Patent Application 15/614,646. Willcocks, L.P., Lacity, M. and Craig, A., 2015. The IT function and robotic process automation.