His notes

Over the last several years I have been working on and off award an additional degree in Education. I am currently working for the El Paso Independent School District as a classroom instructor, as well as a curriculum writer in US History. I look forward to having you in class. Course Description This course provides an overview of the principal cultural, political, and economic developments that shaped Western civilization from prehistory to the Middle Ages. It presents a framework for understanding current social experience by applying historical perspectives to contemporary issues.After the course, students will be able o use historical knowledge to solve contemporary issues. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materi als forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class.If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies overriding your current class modality. Course Materials The West: Encounters and Transformations, Combined Volume, e ISBN: 9780205947157 Author: nana Elevate Copyright Pearson Education, Inc. (2014) All electronic materials are available on the student website Week One: Prehistory and the Ancient World Details Due Points Objectives 1. 1 Explain the significance of the transition from the Paleolithic era to the Neolithic era. 1. 2 Compare the cultural, political, and economic developments of Mesopotamia and Egypt.Readings Read Chi. 1 The West: Encounters and Transformations, Combined Volume, e Read Unhistorical: Issue of the Day: From Hunter-gatherers to Food-producers – Overcoming Obstacles Read Unhistorical: Issue of the Day: Geography and Civilization: Egypt and Mesopotamia – Impact of Agriculture? Attendance & Participation Attendance & Participate in class discussion. 8/06 2 Talking Respond to weekly discussion questions. Choose 2 questions to answer and post each week by pm. Week 1 Talking Points What is an important discovery from prehistory? Why is it important?What are the differences between the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras? What is important about the development of human history when we consider the preferences between these two eras? How were the worldviews of the Mesopotamia and Egyptians similar? How were they different? What factors have influenced the way each of these cultures developed their worldviews? What kind of evidence do we have in order to comprehend prehistory and the ancient civilizations? Does the evidence offer a clear picture of these time periods? Why or why not? Which era of Egyptian history was the most successful?Why? Individual Prehistory and the Ancie nt Civilizations Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you explain the significance of the ruinations of humankind from a hunter-gatherer society to a food-producing society. Include the following: A description of the Paleolithic era Events that transformed society from the Paleolithic era to the Neolithic era A description of Neolithic era An explanation of how the transition from Paleolithic to Neolithic was significant in the development of Mesopotamia and Egypt Format your paper consistent with PAP guidelines.Galoshes (before 2000 BCC)-?Earliest known fully-developed literary character )d First written language on cuneiform clay tablets )e Elaborate art work, mosaics (Standard of Our) )f First systematic polytheistic religion 01 Sights: goddess of love, fertility, and wars 02 Elaborate temple rituals in auguries 03 Religion in Sumerian Oh Sacred literature b Influence on Hebrew Bible )g Babylon under reign of Hamburg (1792-1750 BCC) – powerful cultural and political center 01 Code of Hamburg Oh Collection of laws b Earliest evidence of legal system Co Guarantees protection of slaves, women, and childrenOdd Governs complex Babylonian commerce system Oh Principle of Justice is retribution 02 Advancements in mathematics and astronomy 03 Jargon, king of Kodak – Most important figure in Mesopotamia history )2 Political and economic developments of Mesopotamia )a Several dynasties develop concept of monarchy )b Assyria (northern district of Sumerian)-?kings are chief priests )c Babylonian-?kings and priests have separate offices )d In later stages, influx and intermingling of various cultures, such as Hitters and Assyrian )e Expansion into Asia Minor, Syria, Persia, Palestine, and Egypt under

Data Analysis and Data Modeling in Visio

Lab – Data Analysis and Data Modeling in Visio Overview In this lab, we will learn to draw with Microsoft Visio the ERD’s we created in class. Learning Objectives Upon completion of this learning unit you should be able to: ? Understand the concept of data modeling ? Develop business rules ? Develop and apply good data naming conventions ? Construct simple data models using Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERDs) ? Develop entity relationships and define various types of attributes Lab Goals Our lab goals are to: 1. Learn to build conceptual models in Microsoft Visio. 2. Create the 5 ERDs from class in Microsoft Visio. You will accomplish this by drawing the 4 diagrams from the class exercise. You will have to hand in all 4 diagrams by FTPing them to your account space on the IST-S-STUDENTS server and then pasting the url to the diagram in the text boxes for this week’s learning unit assessment. What you will need to begin 1. A copy of Microsoft Visio 2003 (or higher) 2. The Visio Conceptual Modeling Stencil conceptual modeling. vss (should be with the other files from this week’s lesson) 3. The class exercises from this week (should also be with the other files from week’s lesson. ) Part 1: Getting Ready for Using Microsoft Visio for Conceptual Modeling Overview This section will explain how to use Microsoft Visio to create conceptual Entity-Relationship data models. Microsoft Visio has built-in database tools for creating logical data models (those that apply the relational database theory to your entity-relationship diagrams), and not very good at conceptual modeling. As a result, using the MS Visio database tools to create the conceptual model diagrams can sometimes feel like trying to jam a round peg into a square hole. Since not many people are into shoving round pegs into square holes, this guide will explain how you can maximize the Visio database tools for creating conceptual models. For those of you familiar with Visio, here are the heuristics we will follow to make Visio conceptual model friendly: †¢ Use Database Model Diagrams †¢ Modify the settings to be more user-friendly †¢ Do not use the relationship tool – use my stencil instead Step 1: Create New Document The first step is to create a new document. From the Visio Menu, choose: File ( New ( Software & Database ( Database Model Diagram [pic] This will create your blank Visio page, and load the default database toolset. IMPORTANT: The default Visio stencils are for logical modeling. I’ve created a custom stencil for conceptual modeling. Step 2: Load the Conceptual Modeling Custom Stencil Download the stencil file from our learning management system and save the conceptual modeling. vss somewhere on the local computer. From the Shapes Bar, select Shapes ( More Shapes ( Open Stencil Use the Open Stencil dialog to browse for the conceptual modeling. vss and open it. You should see the following: [pic] Step 3: Configure Default Settings This is the most important step. In this step we will tweak the database document settings so that they are favorable to conceptual modeling. The benefits of doing this are there will be very little reworking of the document at the logical modeling step. From the Visio Ribbon, choose: Database ( Display Options The Database Document Options Dialog will appear. From this dialog, select Relational symbol set, and Conceptual Names visible on the diagram, as displayed in this dialog: [pic] Next, Click on the Table tab: From this section of the dialog, display everything except annotations and vertical lines, do not show data types, and place primary keys at top, as displayed in the following dialog: [pic] When you’re finished click ok. This will close the Database Document Options dialog. NOTE: You might want to save your document at this time. Now that you’ve got things set-up this file can serve as a template for future conceptual modeling diagrams. AS A MATTER OF FACT, YOU CAN DOWNLOAD A PRE-BUILT VISIO TEMPLATE FROM THE CLASS WEBSITE WITH THIS WEEK’S MATERIALS. Part 2: Microsoft Visio for Conceptual Modeling Walk-Thru Overview In this section, we will walk-through creating a conceptual data model with Microsoft Visio. We will use the vBay! (E-bay â€Å"like† website case study as an example for conceptual modeling. ) To Create an Entity: Drag the [pic] icon onto the page and drop. Name the entity in the database properties window: [pic] YOU DO IT: Now add these 4 Entities to your diagram: [pic] To Add Attributes to the entity: To add attributes to your entity, simply click on the columns section of the database properties window, and enter in your column names. Be sure to include the appropriate attribute descriptors [rucdm] with the physical name. Ignore the data type Req’d and PK columns. Those are used in logical modeling. [pic] YOU DO IT: Now add attributes to all 4 entities, like this: [pic] To Add Relationships among the entities: To Add Relationships, simply drag the appropriate relationship cardinality (for example: [pic]) onto the page and connect the ends to each entity. To â€Å"snap† the line to the entity drag the line end onto the box until it turns red, like this. Red symbolizes the shapes are glued together: [pic] After to glue both ends of the line to an entity, you can double-click on the line to assign it a label. For example: [pic] YOU DO IT: Now add all the relationships to complete the conceptual model, like this: [pic] Note: You might have to juggle the shapes and lines around to achieve a best fit. It takes time and a whole lot of patience! Other Tips You can place multiple diagrams in one file! Just keep adding pages. To add a page, from the menu select: Insert ( Blank Page [pic] To rename a page, right-click on the page and choose Rename You can add text to your diagram! Use the Text tool in the ribbon. Home ( Text. When you’re finished, be sure to select the Pointer Tool again. [pic] Part 3: Creating the 4 diagrams from class exercise & handing it in. Take the 4 diagrams from class and draw them in Microsoft Visio. †¢ Place one diagram on each page. †¢ Label the pages accordingly †¢ Save the document †¢ Upload the document to blackboard

China Economy Essay

The rapid rise of China as a major economic power within a time span of about three decades is often described by analysts as one of the greatest economic success stories in modern times. From 1979 (when economic reforms began) to 2011, China’s real gross domestic product (GDP) grew at an average annual rate of nearly 10%. From 1980 to 2011, real GDP grew 19-fold in real terms, real per capita GDP increased 14-fold, and an estimated 500 million people were raised out of extreme poverty. China is now the world’s second-largest economy and some analysts predict it could become the largest within a few years. Yet, on a per capita basis, China remains a relatively poor country. China’s economic rise has led to a substantial increase in U. S. -China economic ties. According to U. S. trade data, total trade between the two countries surged from $5 billion in 1980 to $503 billion in 2011. China is currently the United States’ second-largest trading partner, its third largest export market, and its largest source of imports. Many U. S. ompanies have extensive operations in China in order to sell their products in the booming Chinese market and to take advantage of lower-cost labor for export-oriented manufacturing. These operations have helped some U. S. firms to remain internationally competitive and have supplied U. S. consumers with a variety of low-cost goods. China’s large-scale purchases of U. S. Treasury securities (which totaled nearly $1. 2 trillion at the end of 2011) have enabled the federal government to fund its budget deficits, which help keep U. S. interest rates relatively low. However, the emergence of China as a major economic superpower has raised concern among many U. S. policymakers. Some claim that China uses unfair trade practices (such as an undervalued currency and subsidies given to domestic producers) to flood U. S. markets with low cost goods, and that such practices threaten American jobs, wages, and living standards. Others contend that China’s growing use of industrial policies to promote and protect certain domestic Chinese industries firms favored by the government, and its failure to take effective action against widespread infringement of U.  S. intellectual property rights (IPR) in China, threaten to undermine the competitiveness of U. S. IP-intensive industries. In addition, while China has become a large and growing market for U. S. exports, critics contend that numerous trade and investment barriers limit opportunities for U. S. firms to sell in China, or force them to set up production facilities in China as the price of doing business there. Other concerns relating to China’s economic growth include its growing demand for energy and raw materials and its emergence as the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gasses. The Chinese government views a growing economy as vital to maintaining social stability. However, China faces a number of major economic challenges which could undermine future growth, including distortive economic policies that have resulted in over-reliance on fixed investment and exports for economic growth (rather than on consumer demand), government support for state-owned firms, a weak banking system, widening income gaps, growing pollution, and the relative lack of the rule of law in China. Many economists warn that such problems could undermine China’s future economic growth. The Chinese government has acknowledged these problems and has pledged to address them by implementing policies to boost consumer spending, expand social safety net coverage, and encourage the development of less-polluting industries. China’s Economy Prior to Reforms Prior to 1979, China, under the leadership of Chairman Mao Zedong, maintained a centrally planned, or command, economy. A large share of the country’s economic output was directed and controlled by the state, which set production goals, controlled prices, and allocated resources throughout most of the economy. During the 1950s, all of China’s individual household farms were collectivized into large communes. To support rapid industrialization, the central government undertook large-scale investments in physical and human capital during the 1960s and 1970s. As a result, by 1978 nearly three-fourths of industrial production was produced by centrally controlled, state-owned enterprises (SOEs), according to centrally planned output targets. Private enterprises and foreign-invested firms were generally barred. A central goal of the Chinese government was to make China’s economy relatively self-sufficient. Foreign trade was generally limited to obtaining only those goods that could not be made or obtained in China. Government policies kept the Chinese economy relatively stagnant and inefficient, mainly because most aspects of the economy were managed and run by the central government (and thus there were few profit incentives for firms, workers, and farmers), competition was virtually nonexistent, foreign trade and investment flows were mainly limited to Soviet bloc countries, and price and production controls caused widespread distortions in the economy. Chinese living standards were substantially lower than those of many other developing countries. The Chinese government in 1978 (shortly after the death of Chairman Mao in 1976) decided to break with its Soviet-style economic policies by gradually reforming the economy according to free market principles and opening up trade and investment with the West, in the hope that this would significantly increase economic growth and raise living standards. As Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping, the architect of China’s economic reforms, put it: â€Å"Black cat, white cat, what does it matter what color the cat is as long as it catches mice? The Introduction of Economic Reforms Beginning in 1979, China launched several economic reforms. The central government initiated price and ownership incentives for farmers, which enabled them to sell a portion of their crops on the free market. In addition, the government established four special economic zones along the coast for the purpose of attract ing foreign investment, boosting exports, and importing high technology products into China. Additional reforms, which followed in stages, sought to decentralize economic policymaking in several sectors, especially trade. Economic control of various enterprises was given to provincial and local governments, which were generally allowed to operate and compete on free market principles, rather than under the direction and guidance of state planning. In addition, citizens were encouraged to start their own businesses. Additional coastal regions and cities were designated as open cities and development zones, which allowed them to experiment with free market reforms and to offer tax and trade incentives to attract foreign investment. In addition, state price controls on a wide range of products were gradually eliminated. Trade liberalization was also a major key to China’s economic success. Removing trade barriers encouraged greater competition and attracted foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. China’s gradual implementation of economic reforms sought to identify which policies produced favorable economic outcomes (and which did not) so that they could be implemented in other parts of the country, a process Deng Xiaoping reportedly referred to as â€Å"crossing the river by touching the stones. † China’s Economic Growth Since Reforms: 1979-2012 Since the introduction of economic reforms, China’s economy has grown substantially faster than during the pre-reform period (see Table 1). According to the Chinese government, from 1953 to 1978, real annual GDP growth was estimated at 6. 7%, although many analysts claim that Chinese economic data during this period are highly questionable because government officials often exaggerated production levels for a variety of political reasons. Agnus Maddison estimates China’s average annual real GDP during this period at 4. %. China’s economy suffered economic downturns during the leadership of Chairman Mao Zedong, including during the Great Leap Forward from 1958 to 1960 (which led to a massive famine and reportedly the deaths of tens of millions of people) and the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976 (which caused political chaos and greatly disrupted the economy). During the reform period (1979-2011), Chinaâ €™s average annual real GDP grew by 9. 9%. This essentially has meant that, on average China has been able to double the size of its economy in real terms every eight years. The global economic slowdown, which began in 2008, impacted the Chinese economy (especially the export sector). China’s real GDP growth fell from 14. 2% in 2007 to 9. 6% in 2008 to 9. 2% in 2009. In response, the Chinese government implemented a large economic stimulus package and an expansive monetary policy. These measures boosted domestic investment and consumption and helped prevent a sharp economic slowdown in China. In 2010, China’s real GDP grew by 10. 4%, and in 2011 it rose by 9. 2%. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projects that China’s real GDP will grow by 7. 8% in 2012. From 2013 to 2017, the IMP projects that China’s real GDP growth will average 8. 5%. Table 1- China’s average annual real GDP growth. Causes of China’s Economic Growth Economists generally attribute much of China’s rapid economic growth to two main factors: large-scale capital investment (financed by large domestic savings and foreign investment) and rapid productivity growth. These two factors appear to have gone together hand in hand. Economic reforms led to higher efficiency in the economy, which boosted output and increased resources for additional investment in the economy. China has historically maintained a high rate of savings. When reforms were initiated in 1979, domestic savings as a percentage of GDP stood at 32%. However, most Chinese savings during this period were generated by the profits of SOEs, which were used by the central government for domestic investment. Economic reforms, which included the decentralization of economic production, led to substantial growth in Chinese household savings as well as corporate savings. As a result, China’s gross savings as a percentage of GDP has steadily risen, reaching 53. 9% in 2010 (compared to a U. S. rate of 9. 3%), and is among the highest savings rates in the world. The large level of savings has enabled China to boost domestic investment. In fact, its gross domestic savings levels far exceed its domestic investment levels, meaning that China is a large net global lender. Several economists have concluded that productivity gains (i. e. , increases in efficiency) have been another major factor in China’s rapid economic growth. The improvements to productivity were caused largely by a reallocation of resources to more productive uses, especially in sectors that were formerly heavily controlled by the central government, such as agriculture, trade, and services. For example, agricultural reforms boosted production, freeing workers to pursue employment in the more productive manufacturing sector. China’s decentralization of the economy led to the rise of non-state enterprises (such as private firms), which tended to pursue more productive activities than the centrally controlled SOEs and were more market-oriented, and hence, more efficient. Additionally, a greater share of the economy (mainly the export sector) was exposed to competitive forces. Local and provincial governments were allowed to establish and operate various enterprises on market principles, without interference from the central government. In addition, FDI in China brought with it new technology and processes that boosted efficiency. As indicated in Figure 2, China has achieved high rates of total factor productivity (TFP) growth relative to the United States. TFP represents an estimate of the part of economic output growth not accounted for by the growth in inputs (such as labor and capital), and is often attributed to the effects of technological change and efficiency gains. China experiences faster TFP growth than most developed countries such as the United States because of its ability to access and utilize existing foreign technology and know-how. High TFP growth rates have been a major factor behind China’s rapid economic growth rate. However, as China’s technological development begins to approach that of major developed countries, its level of productivity gains, and thus, real GDP growth, could slow significantly from its historic 10% average, unless China becomes a major center for new technology and innovation and/or implements new comprehensive economic reforms. As indicated in Figure 3, the EIU currently projects that China’s real GDP growth will slow considerably in the years ahead, averaging 7. 0% from 2012 to 2020, and falling to 3. 7% from 2021 to 2030. The Chinese government has indicated its desire to move away from its current economic model of fast growth at any cost to more â€Å"smart† economic growth, which seeks to reduce reliance on energy-intensive and high-polluting industries and rely more on high technology, green energy, and services. China also has indicated it wants to obtain more balanced economic growth. Measuring the Size of China’s Economy The rapid growth of the Chinese economy has led many analysts to speculate if and when China will overtake the United States as the â€Å"world’s largest economic power. † The â€Å"actual† size of China’s economy has been a subject of extensive debate among economists. Measured in U. S. dollars using nominal exchange rates, China’s GDP in 2011 was $7. 2 trillion, less than half the size of the U. S. economy. The per capita GDP (a common measurement of a country’s living standards) of China was $5,460, which was 12% the size of Japan’s level and 11% that of the United States (see Table 2). Many economists contend that using nominal exchange rates to convert Chinese data (or that of other countries) into U. S. dollars fails to reflect the true size of China’s economy and living standards relative to the United States. Nominal exchange rates simply reflect the prices of foreign currencies vis-a-vis the U. S. dollar and such measurements exclude differences in the prices for goods and services across countries. To illustrate, one U. S. dollar exchanged for local currency in China would buy more goods and services there than it would in the United States. This is because prices for goods and services in China are generally lower than they are in the United States. Conversely, prices for goods and services in Japan are generally higher than they are in the United States (and China). Thus, one dollar exchanged for local Japanese currency would buy fewer goods and services there than it would in the United States. Economists attempt to develop estimates of exchange rates based on their actual purchasing power relative to the dollar in order to make more accurate comparisons of economic data across countries, usually referred to as a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis. The PPP exchange rate increases the (estimated) measurement of China’s economy and its per capita GDP. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, (EIU), which utilizes World Bank data, prices for goods and services in China are 41. 5% the level they are in the United States. Adjusting for this price differential raises the value of China’s 2011 GDP from $7. 2 trillion (nominal dollars) to $11. 4 trillion (on a PPP basis). This would indicate that China’s economy is 76. 0% the size of the U. S. economy. China’s share of global GDP on a PPP basis rose from 3. 7% in 1990 to 14. % in 2011 (the U. S. share of global GDP peaked at 24. 3% in 1999 and declined to 18. 9% in 2011); see Figure 4. Many economic analysts predict that on a PPP basis China will soon overtake the United States as the world’s largest economy. EIU, for example, projects this will occur by 2016, and that by 2030, China’s economy could be 30% larger than that of the United St ates. This would not be the first time in history that China was the world’s largest economy (see text box). The PPP measurement also raises China’s 2011 per capita GDP (from $5,460) to $8,650, which was 17. 9% of the U. S. evel. The EIU projects this level will rise to 34. 3% by 2030. Thus, although China will likely become the world’s largest economy in a few years on a PPP basis, it will likely take many years for its living standards to approach U. S. levels. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in China China’s trade and investment reforms and incentives led to a surge in FDI beginning in the early 1990s. Such flows have been a major source of China’s productivity gains and rapid economic and trade growth. There were reportedly 445,244 foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) registered in China in 2010, employing 55. million workers or 15. 9% of the urban workforce. As indicated in Figure 5, FIEs account for a significant share of China’s industrial output. That level rose from 2. 3% in 1990 to a high of 35. 9% in 2003, but fell to 27. 1% by 2010. In addition, FIE’s are responsible for a significant level of China’s foreign trade. In 2011, FIEs in China accounted for 52. 4% of China’s exports and 49. 6% of its imports, although this level was down from its peak in 2006 when FIEs’ share of Chinese exports and imports was 58. 2% and 59. 7%, respectively, as indicated in Figure 6. FIEs in China dominate China’s high technology exports. From 2002 to 2010, the share of China’s high tech exports by FIEs rose from 79% to 82%. During the same period, the share of China’s high tech exports by wholly owned foreign firms (which excludes foreign joint ventures with Chinese firms) rose from 55% to 67%. According to the Chinese government, annual FDI inflows into China grew from $2 billion in 1985 to $108 billion in 2008. Due to the effects of the global economic slowdown, FDI flows to China fell by 12. 2% to $90 billion in 2009. They totaled $106 billion in 2010 and $116 billion in 2011 (see Figure 7). Chinese data for January-October 2012 indicate that FDI fell by 3. 5% on a year-on-year basis; FDI into China will likely total around $112. 1 billion for the full year. Hong Kong was reported as the largest source of FDI flows to China in 2011 (63. 9% of total), followed by Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, and the United States. The cumulative level (or stock) of FDI in China at the end of 2011 is estimated at $1. 2 trillion, making it one of the world’s largest destinations of FDI. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, China was the world’s second-largest destination for FDI flows in 2011, after the United States (see Figure 8). The largest sources of cumulative FDI in China for 1979-2011 were Hong Kong (43. 5% of total), the British Virgin Islands, Japan, the United States, and Taiwan (see Table 3). According to Chinese data, annual U. S. FDI flows to China peaked at $5. 4 billion in 2002 (10. 2% of total FDI in China). In 2011, they were $3. 0 billion or 2. 6% of total FDI (see Figure 9). From January to October 2012, U. S. FDI in China rose by 3. 8% (year-on-year).

Jose Parla and His Works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Jose Parla and His Works - Essay Example Parla began experimenting as early as 1983 when he used canvas in order to translate his wall paintings and personal memories into a permanent mode. At this time, Parla used to illustrate the derelict landscape of urban settings, hence he wanted to transfer this into a medium that was more permanent than the walls that he used. This formed the basis of his contemporary paintings that he describes himself as being ‘’contemporary palimpsests’’ implying that his artistic works are a form of memory documents or segmented realities. Parla has a noteworthy collection of artwork that is presently displayed in various art locations around America and Europe. Parla’s collection has been driven by history and his own inspiration. Parla apart from doing his paintings collects works by other people who are part of his life history or contemporaries and friends whose artworks are in tandem with his art. Parla is dedicated to ensuring that his artworks go an extra level in proficiency and appeal to many. Parla has continued to read art history and he constantly visits various art galleries so that he improves on his artwork. Paintings by Parla characterize how cities of the world function as palimpsests. Parla creates visual tales of his experiences in various cities that he has visited. In these paintings, he illustrates urban landscapes of these cities. His works are calligraphic, multilayered and psycho-geographical, and he has incorporates these concepts into his paintings thereby enabling the viewer to find out about his perspective of the environment.

The web and visual arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The web and visual arts - Essay Example Furthermore, the differences in interpretation are significant in influencing the opinions and perceptions of readers. Nonetheless, additional sources add extra information on the subject matter that would have been omitted by other sources. Therefore, this paper will discuss the different analysis of this piece of art by sources from Wikipedia, National Gallery website and Visual Arts-Cork website and provide a correlation with the discussions we have had in class. Firstly, Wikipedia provides up to date information just about anything historical, academic or non-academic. With regards to its analysis of The Portrait of a Man in a Red Turban, it offers information on its history, frame, inscription, description and significance. Furthermore, the presentation is simple and accessible to anyone interested in historical paintings. For instance, it details the artist’s background, his date of birth and how the concept of the painting came about when he was in exile. It influences our perception on the artistic masterpiece that Jan van Eyck drew and paints an image of an artist with exceptional abilities. The intended audience is the general web user who has an interest in artistic, historical works. Additionally, it correlates with the discussions we have had in class on the history of art, albeit Wikipedia delves a little further and is more informative. Secondly, Visual Arts-Cork is an independent website with information on The Portrait of a Man in a Red Turban by Jan van Eyck.

Atmospheric pollution and its affect on human health Essay

Atmospheric pollution and its affect on human health - Essay Example Accidental air comes from leakage and blasts in industrial furnaces, as well as through ample consumption of fuel alternatives, and smoking. On the other hand, industrial air pollution characterizes a type that pollutes the environment via the emissions caused by thermal plant operations, wide use of construction materials such as cement and steel, fertilizers, pesticides, atomic units, and industrial wastes. Green house effect derived from the contamination of several important gases and fossil fuel combustion in the air makes another foul contribution and this type is especially characteristic of green house gases namely carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, nitrous oxide, and ozone which return to the lower atmospheric region after evolution against gravity. Transport related air pollution similarly originates from smoke brought about by petrol or diesel burnt in different vehicular engines which correspondingly emit noxious gases in mild to poisonous concentrations at worst. How does each of these types of air pollution affect human health and the environment? Smog is proven to have caused serious respiratory diseases as in the 1952 incident in London that resulted in the death of 4,000 people. Greenhouse gases equivalently pose threat on crops and livestock besides exhibiting potential harm on human skin which may be impacted by corrosion or cancer upon based on critical gas levels. As heat exceedingly builds up due to greenhouse effect, this further leads to climate change and global warming. By transport related air pollution, carbon monoxide for instance can drive oxygen out of the bloodstream, causing apathy, fatigue, headache, disorientation, and decreased muscular coordination and visual acuity. Industrial plants capable of releasing untreated wastes along with high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids make possible the precipitation of acid rain that gradually erodes building structures, contaminates vegetation, drinking water, and even the aquatic ha bitat. Birth defects, genetic mutations, and damage to neurological systems may also follow as consequences of long-term exposure to toxic materials with high percentages in air. What are some ways to control air pollution? Since human activities comprise either the primary or secondary sources of air pollution, control over these activities hence becomes essential in suppressing pollutants from building up in hazardous degrees of contact with the atmosphere. Car pool is one such means to arrive at this goal which takes to effect lower consumption of fossil fuels once fewer cars are used upon implementation. This way, fossil fuels are sustained and conserved for later applications. In the similar manner, taking advantage of the public transport may help regulate emissions properly besides being an act of support to augment public income. One may opt to walk or simply ride a bicycle to cover short distances as much as possible so that certain quantities of gas are saved while there w ould be a number of places which can be freed eventually of smoke and of the uncomfortably warmer temperatures due to sensible heat if most people heartily participate in this endeavor of minimizing the use of major emission source. Likewise, there is quite an immense worth in utilizing alternative sources of energy aside from the traditional fuels. If there emerges

Japan's cultural environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Japan's cultural environment - Essay Example In order to work and interact successfully in Japan, an understanding of its national culture is considered important. While businesses have been guided by Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture, this paper evaluates if changes have taken place since the 1960s and 1970s when data was collected by Hofstede. Hofstede defines culture as â€Å"the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another†. Japan, with a PDI of 54, is a mildly hierarchical society. Power distance is the extent to which the less powerful members of the institutions expect that power is distributed unequally (Geert-Hofstede). However, the Japanese society is not as hierarchical as most Asian societies, according to Hofstede. Foreigners consider Japan as being extremely hierarchical because the decisions making goes through different layers of management but at the same time, this also demonstrates that there is no one single person in authority. In addition, Japan has been a meritocratic society and believes that everyone is born equal and anyone who is keen to attain higher levels of education, is free to do so, and move ahead. This is the degree to which the society maintains interdependence. Japan’s score of 46 suggests a collectivist society where the harmony of the group is more important than the individual opinions. People in such societies have a strong sense of shame in losing face. However, the Japanese society is not as collectivist as the Chinese society. This is because the Japanese do not have extended family system where collectivism is prevalent. The eldest son in Japanese families carries on the father’s name and inherits assets while the others have to leave home and find their own way in life. The Japanese are more loyal to their company or the organization to which they are attached than to the family. Thus, by western standards they are called collectivists but by Asian standards they are individualistic. Masculinity Index (MAS) Japan has a high score of 95 on this dimension which indicates it is one of the most masculine societies in the world. This, according to Hofstede suggests that the society will be driven by competition, achievement and success. However, the Japanese society does not demonstrate the behaviour expected in societies with high masculine scores, possibly because of their mild collectivist nature. There is severe competition but not between individuals; it is severe competition between groups which can be seen even at the primary school level. At the workplace also, employees are motivated when they are fighting against a team of competitors. The Japanese strive for excellence and perfection in

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 36

Marketing - Essay Example The UAE has resulted to using an unexpected way of public service delivery; using unmanned drones. This is highly innovative. This is because it uses the most updated technology, which does not require a human. This implies that the margin for errors when delivering these services is considerably slim. This means more efficiency with regard to speed. Although the drones will still be used in defense, the UAE is also applying them in healthcare and education. This is also an innovative service because it is customer oriented. In the past, most services were profit oriented. However, with the launch of this service, UAE government has indicated that its attention is directed towards the welfare of the population. The drones could be used in times of disasters to deliver certain services. This would ensure that the services get to the scene as soon as possible as opposed to other means such as ground travel. In addition, in spite of the fact that is in its initial launch phase, the gove rnment has decided to use the public to improve its efficiency by asking them to contribute ideas which would be rewarded. This is innovative because previous governments did not encourage input from the public. There are several differences between social innovation, frugal innovation, and reverse innovation starting with what they incorporate. Social innovation incorporates the most recent strategies and ideas in delivery of social services that may range from education to communal health. A perfect example of social innovation is the open ideo, which seeks to provide immunization using technology. Frugal innovation, on the other hand, is the reduction of complexity of a product so as to affect its distribution and production. For instance, this may incorporate the Tata Nano which was introduced in India to cater for the non-four wheel customers who used non-safe two wheel

Intelligence Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Intelligence Reform - Essay Example After World War 1, America intelligence hard work paid attention on code breaking against Germany and Japan. In 1941 president Franklin Roosevelt established the first peacetime civilian intelligence after discovering that it was inevitable to escape involvement of the world war 2.the offices were developed to manage the activities of a number of agencies. Nevertheless, after the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor the United States experienced its mostly expensive intelligence disaster (Zegart 25). The intelligence failure because of assessing â€Å"misconceptions, collection gaps, bureaucratic confusion and well-planned Japanese denial and deception† resulted to the development of a larger and more varied agency in 1942 (Calabrese 11). The US intelligence agency faces the challenge of widespread lack of trust in its power to undertake its mission competently and legally. Existence of increased terror group like al Qaeda has been a major challenge for intelligence policy makers (Kantor 35). The ability to control any source of information retrieved is also a major pitfall. Intelligence agency need also to change its old tactic of viewing things instead it needs to incorporate the developing technology to counter enemies. The September 11 attacks necessitated the intelligence to reform its tactics to counter other terrorist attacks. The attack was termed as a major failure for the intelligence team therefore reinvention and revitalization techniques ought to be embarked (Calabrese 14). The intelligence reforms have also embarked on techniques that involve counterintelligence missions. The techniques involve finding out loopholes within the intelligence team to ensure past mistakes are not repeated and terror attacks are prevented. In the past intelligence involved speculation about problems or what was anticipated to happen. Evidence of information were hidden and

Anorexia Nervosa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Anorexia Nervosa - Essay Example For ethos, she mentioned that she is a recovering anorexic, making her more credible for the topic in the eyes of the audience. It is also easy to identify the main points --- what it is, who is affected, and its repercussions --- because Cheyanne mentions them at the onset of the presentation. The transitions from one point to another are clear because Cheyanne restates the main point before going further to discussing it. The citations or references are also easily identifiable either from her speech or via the visual aids. Towards the end of the speech, Cheyanne reviews the main points in the conclusion; however, the concluding piece is not so memorable. Cheyanne merely mentions that a person should approach and talk to anyone observed as having an eating disorder because anorexia is really a dangerous disease. In terms of delivery, the presentation is clear and to the point. However, some distracting non-verbal behaviors can be avoided, like walking and gesturing with the hands i n just any manner. Lesser references to the notecards would also be helpful. Overall, the speech is informative and interesting, but it could still benefit from improvements in terms of delivery. The presentation deserves 4 out of 5 stars. I did not lose interest while listening to Cheyanne. However, the presentations would look more professional and formal if there are lesser references to the notecards. Walking and hands/arm gestures can also be minimized by making the information or picture appear (or perhaps highlighted) on the screen once she refers to it.

Influential Theorist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Influential Theorist - Essay Example Per Gardner, there are a wide range of cognitive abilities that are not too closely correlated with one another, in spite of the close correlations of the aspects of intelligence that is measured thru the IQ test. (Gardner, H., 1983, p 25) For instance, two kids learning the multiplication table and child A learns or memorizes the table easily and child B is a little slow learning it. In Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, child A doesn’t necessarily mean more intelligent then child B for the following reasons: child B may be using a different approach, child B may be understanding multiplication in an essentially deeper level, or child B may succeed in a career outside mathematics As the theory says, based on the example above, child B’s slowness can be a result of the processing of the mind of the child and doesn’t not necessarily mean the child is a slow learner. The theory suggests that the child B’s intelligence may be a notch higher In fluential Theorist 3 than of the child who easily memorized the multiplication table due to a deeper level of understanding, which appears like slowness. 7 Original Intelligences Based on the book â€Å"Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences†, Gardner initially listed seven different types of intelligences. The first two intelligences are the ones that are valued at schools; the next three are those oftentimes associated with arts and the last two are the ones called personal intelligences. (Gardner, H., 1993, 41-43) The first of the pack is linguistic intelligence. It involves sensitivity to the written and spoken languages and the ability to learn different languages. This intelligence entails the capability of one person to express himself in either rhetoric or poetic manner, or both. The second type of intelligence is logical-mathematical intelligence. This connotes the capability of one person in analyzing logical problems, solving mathematical problems and investigating scientific concerns. According to Gardner, this includes the capacity of one person to detect patterns and think logically. This type of intelligence is linked to mathematical and scientific thinking. (Gardner, H., 1993, p 63) The third type and the first of the three intelligences related to arts is musical intelligence. This comprises the skill of a person in the performance, composition and appreciation of music. This includes the aptitude of a person to distinguish musical pitches, rhythms and tones and the composition of those. The fourth type is bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence. As Gardner believes mental and physical activity to be related, this type of intelligence entails the capability of one person to use mental abilities to be in sync with body movements. The fifth type is Influential Theorist 4 spatial intelligence. This types deals with the ability to visualize things with the mind’s eye. This entails the capability to recognize patterns of wide s pace and more confined areas. People of this type suit careers like designers, architects, artists and others of this sort. The second to the last type is interpersonal intelligence. This deals with the capacity of one person to understand other people’s feelings, motives, intentions and desires towards working with others effectively. Public figures

Recommend Your Friends Essay Example for Free

Recommend Your Friends Essay 1. F. James McDonald the former president of the US automobile workers federation suggested an average reduction of 4% in the price of the car. The automobile market was weak, which resulted in unemployment. Lower price would lead to greater sales and stimulate employment. McDonald believed that a 4% reduction in price would increase sales by 16%.David black, representing the management of the automobile manufacturers disagreed with McDonald’s estimation. Black cited studies which indicated price elasticity’s ranging from 0.5 to 1.5.Black made it clear that he was referring to the elasticity of demand in response to a permanent price change of all manufacturers. He admitted that the elasticity to a temporary price cut might be greater. The studies to which Black referred found elasticity’s ranging from 0.65 to 1.53. a. Explain the concept of elasticity of demand and the factors that affect it. Answer:- From the decision-making perspective, the firm needs to know effect of changes in any of the independent variables in the demand function on the quantity demanded. Some of these variables are under the control of management, such as price, advertising, product quality, and customer service. For these variables, management must know the effects of changes on quantity to assess the desirability of institution the change. Other variables, including income price of competitor’s products, and expectations of consumers regarding future prices, are outside the direct control of the firm. Nevertheless, effective forecasting of demand requires that the firm be able to measure the impact of changes in these variables on the quantity demanded. The most common used measure of the responsiveness of the quantity demanded to changes in any of the variables that influence the demand function is elasticity. In general, elasticity may be through of as a ratio of the percentage(%) change in one quantity(or variable) to the percentage(%) change in another, ceteris paribus(all other things remain unchanged). In other words, how responsive in some dependent variable to change in a particular variable? With these in mind, we define the price elasticity of demand(Ed) as the ratio of the percentage (%) change in quantity demanded to a percentage (%) change in price. Where [pic]Q= Change in quantity demanded [pic]P= Change in Price Because of the normal inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded, the sign of the price coefficient will usually be negative. Occasionally, price elasticity’s are referred to as absolute values. The use of absolute values will be indicates where appropriate. Problems result when calculating elasticity if initial prices and quantities are used as bases, so economists typically use midpoint bases. The price-elasticity of demand is negative but, for convenience, we use absolute values to avoid the negative sign. If price elasticity is less than one, then demand is relatively unresponsive to changes in price and is said to be inelastic. If elasticity is greater than one, demand is very responsive to price changes and is elastic. Demand is unitarily elastic if the elasticity coefficient equals one. Elasticity, price changes, and total revenues (expenditures) are related in the following manner: If demand is inelastic (elastic) and price increases (falls), total revenue will rise. If demand is elastic (inelastic) and price rises (falls), total revenue (expenditures) will fall. If demand is unitarily elastic (ed = 1), total revenue will be unaffected by price changes. The number and quality of substitutes, the proportion of the total budget spent, and the length of time considered are three important determinants of the elasticity of demand. Demand is more elastic the more substitutes are available, the more of the budget the item consumes, and the longer the time frame considered. Along any negatively sloped linear demand curve, parts of the curve will be elastic, unitarily elastic, and inelastic. The price-elasticity of demand rises as the price rises. Factors Affecting the Elasticity of Demand:- Availability of Substitutes- The most important determinant of the price elasticity of demand is the availability and closeness of substitutes. The greater the number of substitute goods, the more price elastic is the demand for a product because a customer can easily shift to a substitute goods if the price of a product in question increases. Durable Goods- The demand for durable goods tends to be more price elastic than the demand for nondurable. This is true because of the ready availability of a relatively inexpensive substitute in many cases; that is repairing a worn-out durable good, such as a television, car, or refrigerator, rather than buying a new one. Consumer of durable goods is often in a position to wait for a more favorable price, a sale, or a special deal when buying these items. This accounts for some of the volatility in the demand for durable goods. Relative Size of Expenditures- The demand for relatively high-priced goods tends to be more price elastic than the demand for inexpensive items. This is true because expensive items account for a greater portion of a person’s income and potential expenditures than do low-priced. Consequently, we would expect the demand for automobiles to be more price elastic than demand for children’s toys. Time Frame of Analysis- Over time, the demand for many products tends to become more elastic because of the increase in the number of effective substitutes that become available. For example, in the short run, the demand for gasoline may be relatively price inelastic because the only available alternatives are not talking a trip or using some from of public transportation. Over time, as consumer replaces their cars, they find another excellent substitute for gasoline- namely, more fuel-efficient vehicles. Also, other product alternatives may come available, such as electric cars or cars powered by natural gas or coal. b. Interpret the meaning of David Blake’s demand estimate ranging from .65 to 1.53.Explain the significance of demand elasticity in taking business decision. Answer:- McDonald believed that, 4% reduction in price would increase sales by 16% therefore, 1% reduction in price would increase sales by 4% So, PED = 4 McDonald believed that PED was only Elastic. He did not consider the Rich end of the buyers who may not be much affected by this change. Thus PED should be Inelastic for them. The Middle Class buyers would get a chance to buy Automobiles at lower prices. So the sales would be high for some times. But, in time, as the Factors affecting Elasticity comes in action, sales may go down or not in future. Blake, on the other hand, referred to statistical studies that considered both ends of the buyers (Range on the Demand Curve, where Elasticity was both greater and smaller than 1) and also other Factors of Elasticity. For Long term offer, it considered the Factors of Elasticity and consecutive steps taken by the competitive Automobile companies. As a result, the Range of Elasticity was: PED = 0.5 (Inelastic for Rich) to 1.5 (Elastic for others) Average = 1.0 For Short term offer, it was affected less by the Factors of Elasticity. As a result, the Range of Elasticity was: PED = 0.65 (Inelastic for Rich) to 1.53 (Elastic for others) Average = 1.09 So Elasticity is more on the Short Run offer.

Specifications of Damage Assessment Technique

Specifications of Damage Assessment Technique Specifications of Damage Assessment Technique Damage Tolerance (DT), is the ability of a material to function and resist fracture after a permanent change/defect has taken place for a given period of time. The Damage Tolerance is an essential attribute of a structural component, whose failure could result in catastrophic loss of life or property. Damage Tolerance Analysis The DT addresses two points concerning an initially defected/damaged structure. First, it determines fracture load for a specified defect size. Meaning that the load where material failure occurs, when a specified defect size, exists is determined. Second, it predicts the required length of time for a sub-critical defect to grow to the size that causes fracture at given load. In this case, it is assumed that the defect can extend and propagate in a sub-critical manner1. The determination of fracture/failure load for a defected component will be the primary target of the DT analysis that will be carried out for the projects needs. To apply the DT method, the fatigue target stress levels need to be calculated. The last can be derived from the ultimate allowable stress levels. The ultimate allowable stress levels can be basically determined by the loading conditions applied to the specified component. In every structural case, the specific target stress value for any given primary structural component is adjusted for its specific geometry and material properties. Therefore, the prediction of the required length of time for a sub-critical defect to grow to the size that causes fracture at given load will be attempted to be determined. Of course to achieve predicting the required length of time for a sub-critical defect to grow to the size that causes fracture at given load, the respective material data should be available. Damage Tolerance Analysis Procedure It is known that a structure usually fails by one or combination of failures. These failures can be elastic /inelastic deformations, buckling, fatigue or accidental impact, etc. In the flow chart of Figure 4.1 a possible procedure that might be adopted to carry out the numerical DT analysis of a structural component is depicted. This flow chart, as it can be seen, covers the case of static and fatigue load. Despite of this, each case can be assessed and examined individually if all the required inputs are available. 1 Damage Tolerance Analysis of Aero Structural Components, TATA Figure 4.1: Damage Tolerance Analysis Procedure It is intended to develop a fully parametric numerical model of the structural (metallic and/or composite) component for the DT modelling using the aid of suitable Finite Element software. The work plan is to write a scripting code in the FE softwares parametric design language to allow defect geometric characteristics (e.g. defect location, damage size etc.) and external data (e.g. geometric characteristics, material properties, loading and boundary conditions of the component) to be automatically inserted to the numerical model of the structural component. The aim is to develop a code with the following features: easy data insertion by uploading the geometry of the component, apply loading and boundary conditions to the DT modular unit, and data import for different types of components with minimum modifications. Moreover, it will be attempted to achieve a sufficient mesh density for the Finite Element model (refined FE model) that will provide adequate accuracy by minimizing the discrepancies of the results in a prescribed range. At the same time, it is desired that the model will not consumes excessive computational time and effort for its solution. It will be attempted to incorporate an adaptive mesh routine for increasing the mesh density at the defect regions according to certain condition/criteria, such as the minimum energy condition. This technique will be employed in case that complex geometry is about to be analysed. Eventually, a post-processing macro-routine will also be programmed to process the results from the analysis solution. A possible way for verifying whether the structural component can operate with defect or repair is required is by calculating the Margin of Safety (MS) for the examined component. Using the maximum stress (von-Mises) obtained from the numerical analysis, static margin of safety (MS) obtained for limit and ultimate loads can be calculated respectively. By employing the suitable failure criteria a possible reduction of the components structural strength will be defined. Required inputs for Damage Tolerance Analysis In this section the inputs that will be required for carrying out the numerical structural analysis are listed in the following paragraphs. A brief explanation about each required input is also presented in order the reader to comprehend the necessity of each characteristic. Components geometric characteristics The geometric characteristics of the component can be separated in three distinguished categories, which both of them have to be defined with accuracy. These categories are: components   geometry   (the   geometric   characteristic   of   the   reference-no   defect- component), type of defect, and geometry of the defect. And they are explained in more detail below. Components Geometry Initially, the geometric characteristics of the component are required for carrying out a numerical analysis that will assess the DT of the investigated component. In more detail, the geometric characteristics of the investigated component-in case of a flat plate- are its width, length, its thickness etc. For the case where a more complex geometry needs to be investigated, CAD drawings will be required. It is preferred to provide EXIS with the drawings in electronic format in a neutral file (e.g. .igs or .stp format) to allow the smooth insertion of these file to the FE software. Additional inputs will be required, depending the case, for de-featuring the CAD model and eventually generate an equivalent simplified FE model. It is expected the last to have less elements/nodes and hence less computational demands. Typeofdefect The type of flaw detected by the Non Destructive procedure (e.g. crack, delaminations, etc.) will be an advantage to be known and given as input before developing the FE model for the DT analysis, Figure 4.2. It will be helpful to know the defect type DT Analysis of the structural component will examine, so the appropriate modelling procedure and discretization method in the defects region will be used. Delaminations(single-andmulti-level)Freeedgedamages(delaminations, notches,loosefibers,etc.) Figure 4.2: Type of defect to be analysed DefectGeometry It is essential when performing a numerical structural analysis of a defected component to know the geometry of the defect. Basically in this case the geometry of the defect is part of the geometry of the analysed and investigated component. Therefore, the   non-destructive method (PA or IRT) will initially detect the damage and generate an image. The image processing procedure will allow to calculate the size of the defect and its location. The geometric characteristics that are expected to extract are the area, width (w), height (h) and the coordinates of the defected area into the component. An estimation of the through thickness damage will be also required for the FE model. The last is expected to be provided by the software that will perform the non-destructive testing. It might be necessary to model the defect using an equivalent area of a circle or rectangular, in order to avoid modelling complex defect shapes, such as of Figure 4.3. In case that this approach is utilized, a validation procedure will be performed. Figure 4.3: Geometrical characteristics of the defect Material mechanical properties To carry out a numerical DT analysis of a component, it is necessary to insert the appropriate material models into the FE model to simulate the exact behaviour of the component and its strength. In case the metallic components are examined, the material properties that need to be available are the following: Modulus of Elasticity (E), and Poisson Ratio (ÃŽ ½). Regarding composite components, monolithic CFRP is the main category that is believed that is about to be investigated, since a wide range of currently flying aircrafts, such as the Airbus 3XX family is using them. Therefore, in case that monolithic composite material the material properties that define the material model will be inserted to the FE model. The following material properties can adequately define the behaviour of the material model. Material properties of the ply Eij, Gij and vij, where Eij Gij and vij is the Young, Shear modulus and Poissons ratio in the i,j direction respectively. The subscripts i, j can take values from 1 to 3 and they are used for defining the material coordinate system, Figure 4.4. Ply thickness. Stacking sequence and number of plies, Figure 4.4. Axial Strength of laminate in 1, 2 and 3 direction. Shear Strength of laminate in 12, 23 and 31 direction. If the material inputs are not available from the designer of the component, then they will be taken from the open literature. Figure 4.4: Representative stacking sequence of a CFRP composite and material coordinate system Characteristic example of a set of three dimensional failure criteria is the maximum stress failure criteria. They are presented below (ÏÆ'ij are the calculated layer-stress components in the (ij) direction and the denominators are the ultimate strengths in the corresponding direction). Maximum  Stress  Failure  Criteria: The nominator of each ratio is the maximum stress value that is developed in the structure. The denominator is the strength of the material in each direction. Whenever the ratio is less than one then no failure occurs, otherwise material failure exists. It desired not having any failure when ultimate load is applied to the component. Restraints and Boundary conditions The stress state of a composite structural member is strongly related with the way this member is attached to the rest of the aircraft structure. Knowing that in the area of the defect/damage stress concentration exists, the correct definition of the boundary conditions is essential. To this end, the boundary conditions of the structural component must be provided in order to apply the respective degrees of freedom/ constraints to the FE model. Loading conditions For carrying out the DT analysis, the loading conditions exerted to the composite component need to be defined. It is essential for the numerical analysis the applied load to be known; hence it is a required input. In more detail the limit load that is applied to the structural component needs to be known before running the analysis. Additional inputs Additional inputs might be required to perform the DT analysis of a specific component with a specific type of defect. In that case additional inputs might be needed.

Girls becoming more involved in violent gang related activities

Girls becoming more involved in violent gang related activities In the past half century academic literature and research regarding female youth crime has vastly popularised. Previous to this, society and theorist treated young women and women as homogenous and treated youth crime as a way to describe male youth offending. However over the past half a century, theorist such as Frances Hiedensohn (1968) drew attention to a largely ignored field of human behaviour namely deviance and criminal women. In this essay question several key issues are going to be addressed. Firstly this essay will explore a historical context of female youth offenders (FYOs), this will prove significant, if we seek to answer the essay question we have to make the distinction between the numbers of female youth that previously were involved in violent and gang-related activities, and compare them to recent female youth involvement within the same field. Secondly this essay will explore the media aspect on the subject to deeply seek/find out if young women are becoming more involved within violent activities or media representations are the results of the recent claims, furthermore moral panic will be examined in this section and offer an insight into how that impacts young female offenders and the public perception that accompanies them. Thirdly the double standard of morality theory will be discussed and work drawn on from the Youth Justice board (YJB) and the issue surrounding the double standard of morality will be essential in answering the essay title. Finally in the conclusion the essay will ultimately address/answer the essay title and give a clear unanimous understanding of the involvement of young women in violence and gang-related activities. Along with the above a wide range of academic sources such as official research statistics, articles, web pages, journals and academic literature will be used to portray a clear understanding and support a clear organised framework. Throughout recent history work undertaken on violent and gang-related FYOs has been few and far between. However upon entering the 21st century a new emergence of young female gangs and a new phenomena regarding young female violence has been socially displayed as a major social problem in which a new generation of teen mothers, binge drinking girls and unemployed young women are to blame. Historically criminological theory has been dominated by males. Female deviance was seen as primarily one of sexual immorality and as such, a blight on the moral fabric of society rather than direct malice against one individual. In the criminological field, females have been relatively ignored up until recent times. In recent times a fair assumption to make regarding violent and gang-related FYOs, would be to assume a massive increase in the subject however looking back as far as the early 20th century, women were involved in violent and gang-related incidents. During the early 1900s, male theorists emerged trying to explain why young women committed crimes. These women were said to be tomboys who were trying to assume a male role (Trasher, 1927:41), suffered from penis envy (Freud, 1924:12), and even that they were deceitful to overcome such things as their lack of a penis, menstruating, and their wanting to be stronger (Pollak, 1950:27). Leading on from this, starting in the 1960s rates in female violence and crime increased. Women were found to participate in more violent acts almost becoming more like men (Simon, 1975). The House of Commons 1999 research paper revealed By 1971 women numbered only 3% of the total prison population. The proportion of women prisoners has risen slightly since the 1970s; in 1998 5% of all prisoners were female (House of Commons 1999:15). As these findings show, numbers of female offenders has steadily risen within the past 30 years. It is important to note, during this 1980s crime rates peaked and almost dou bled the rates previously recorded. Another significant thing to take into account is the age in which young female offenders were committing violent crimes. The Home office (2004) reported the peak offending age for girls was 15 compared to boys at 18. On average young women were committing violent crimes at a younger age than their male counterparts. Following on from the increased crime rates of the 80s, Schramm (1998) in September 1998 found percentage rates of 88% amongst females crime which involved assault. Additionally rises have been detected in the admission of females appearing before the youth court. In 1999 women made up 21% of all cases that appeared before a justice court, in comparison to a 4% increase detected in the year 2000. However the youth offending act (1984) is arguably an excuse to why increased crime levels have been detected. The implementation of stricter charging saw an increase in police charges, but this does not necessarily mean actual crime increase d. In contrast to the use of informal techniques used by the police the youth offending act practically called for higher levels of police charging. Additionally whilst Rutter et al (1998) suggests the number of arrests of girls for violent offences more than doubled and has increased by 250% in the last quarter of the century, we have to keep in to perspective the small amount of FYOs and when statistically handling small numerical numbers the slightest numerical increase results in a large percentage increase. From the statistics above it is easily identifiable, that female involvements with violent offences are becoming more prominent. It is significant this essay examined a historical context, as this gives a fundamental inkling into the basic numbers of females involvement with violent crimes. Leading on from this historical framework, the media will be the next aspect this essay will discuss. This is equally significant as analysing the role of the media and the moral panic that accompanies it, helps us conjure up further ideas to whether females are becoming more involved with violent and gang-related crime. The media holds a substantial role in influencing the publics opinions, thoughts and actions. Girl violence has become a very newsworthy and common topic in recent British newspapers. This is purely because of the offenders gender along with the way violent girls seem to challenge the common perceptions of nicely behaved girls and how they are supposed to act. This also links in with the double standard of mortality which will be discussed later. Newspapers usually use horrifying titles such as Ladette Britain: Violence among women soars as record 250 are arrested every day (Daily Mail 29/1/10) or Violence is just a fact of life say teenage girls, (Daily Telegraph, 7/10/00) to portray research findings. However in some cases, inaccurate and biased data is manipulated into sensational newspaper headlines. Titles such as one girl she was too scared to leave the house for fear of being attacked, was manipulated from the quote one girl told she was afraid to leave the house for fear of b eing sexually attacked (Batchelor 2001:58). An important thing to note would be newspaper headlines dont capture or represent the typical British female, furthermore it could be argued, that they only write on violent female youth crime because it generates a strong supply for an interesting thus newsworthy story. Arguably the primary concern with misrepresenting the reality of young womens lives is that it can contribute to unrealistic public attitudes, which in turn can create misdirected public policy and moral panics. Work conducted by Gelsthorpe and Sharpe (2006) state current perceptions of girls apparent violent behaviour can perhaps be seen as an indication of prevailing societal concerns about morality: girls purported violence is seen as a threat to social order, just as during the last century their sexuality was the primary focus of attention (56). In basic terms, they depict how violent behaviour in young women maybe a new phenomena to society thus being susceptible to moral panics. They later discuss how old concerns about girls status on binge drinking and high teen pregnancy rates relate to the moral panic of increased female violent offences. In the case of a moral panic, frequently government policy is implemented to prevent a potential problem from escalating. Following on from this, research produced by Chesney-Lind (2001) and Steffensmeier et al (2005) proposes that girls are being prosecuted more willingly for offences that may not have been prosecutable in the past. This harsher approach is debatably due to the moral panic aspect of the spectrum and how the government want to be seen as taking action against this social threat. This ultimately leads to a negative perception on young females as it shows them in a negative setting. As briefly mentioned above, the media and the double standard of morality theory are very much linked together. The way the media use misrepresented and stereotypical views of women as a tool for creating a good taboo story, as opposed to how females should conform to the ideas of womanhood. The double standard of morality theory also looks at differences between men and women and attempts to challenge why women are interpreted differently by criminal justice professionals. Discussing this is important due to the implication the theory still subconsciously has on todays criminal justice system. Additionally analysing the theory may help to offer an insight into the treatment of young women. This also inter-links with the media portrayals of young female offenders as both approaches impose the same views on them. The double standard of morality is the morality co-existent with chivalry imposes double-standards on men and women, in terms of this essay that is relevant to note that the theory condones the same behaviour in one sex (males) while punishing it in the other (females). Key theorists such as Kennedy and Carlen believe women get treated differently due to the perception and ideas regarding womanhood. Kennedy continues to explain; ideally women should conform to the appropriate ideas of womanhood. Carlen elaborates that female offenders are seen as other than real women, other than real criminals and other than real prisoners (1988:34). A key distinction made in the double standard of morality theory is the idea that society expects men to get into trouble, and that mens criminality is normal and inherently natural. Women on the other hand, in particular girls are seen as sick, mad, disturbed or deficient and in need of treatment because the behaviour does not equate with the idea of h ow a woman is supposed to behave. These women are said to be doubly damned and doubly deviant (Bottoms, 1996: 1). They are seen as mad not bad (Lloyd, 1995: 36). These behaviours frequently lead to interpretations of being mentally abnormal and unstable. The theory is undoubtedly gender bias and doesnt seem to understand, changing social and economic conditions, environmental influences, cultural traditions and physiological factors must be taken into account when dealing with crime. It fails to acknowledge the myriad of complex interplays of cultural and biological factors that make people individuals. The way this impact on YFOs is by the treatment they receive from criminal justice professionals. In 1987 Hilary Allen argues mental health explanation (including PMS) for female criminality results in lighter punishments by the courts. However, Eileen Leonard five years previous challenges the chivalry factor pointing out how bad women are treated more harshly than some men. As we c an see the differential treatment women receive is a mixture between positive and negative, but this still has to be taken into account as it portrays the way young female offenders are viewed. Todays criminologists are looking more closely at female offenders than ever before. In concluding this essay and taking into account the argument presented throughout. We will evaluate the effects social history, the media and moral panics have on young female offenders and how this affects the way they are portrayed and treated. This essay will ultimately answer whether or not young females are becoming increasingly involved in violent and gang-related crime. Two books published in 1975 Fred Adlers sisters in crime: the rise of the new female criminal and Rita Simmons women in crime, led to a new view of gender and crime. Although both books looked an increase in violent female crimes they both reached different conclusions. Adler stressed the impact of the womens movement. She believed as the roles of women changed, their criminality will be more like that of men. She noted, When we did not permit women to swim at beaches, the female drowning rates were quite low. When women were not permitted to work as bankers the female embezzlement rate was low (Adler, 1975:31). In other words, there was an assumption that because women were confined to the private world with limited access to the public world, they lacked opportunity for crime. Additionally now that women of the current era have more freedom there is more scope for women to be categorised as criminals. In reading this essay it would be fair to assume, that moral panics play a huge role in generating public concern around young female offenders. The moral panic produced by the small increase in female offending patterns contributes to the increasing criminalisation of, and punitiveness towards, them. The small rise in violent female offending has little symbolic significance. Many academics have argued that youth is a social category which has the power to carry a deeper message about the state of society. The collective agonising about girls violence thus perhaps symbolises regrets about the changing social order in late modernity. Ultimately it can be answered according to available evidence including the Youth justice board there certainly is an increased number of convictions for girls and young women for violent offences. However it is not possible to directly attribute these to a real increase in actual offending in this area (for example, self-report data would not suggest an increase). However based on facts and statistics, it shouldnt be a huge public concern. Girls continue to commit fewer and less serious offences than boys and are less likely to reoffend. Young females are no more threatening to society than any other particular group of people but due to gender and the nature of the crime it gets reported on more frequently thus more open to public scrutiny and perception.

Political Idea :: essays research papers

Throughout time there have always been some philosophers who present theories, which have philosophical themes in religious thinking that, are in connection to current social and political ideas. Thinkers like St. Anselm, St. Thomas Aquinas, and John Hick all express their views and feelings on the existence of God, as well as the human race. Their theories are based off asking questions like why are we here and how do we prove God’s existence? Is there really life after death and where does the soul go? They also explore the ideas and theories behind the nature of man and what relationship that has with the existence of God. With one goal in mind, at three different times in history each have resulted in the same conclusion, that God does exist and his existence is a result of knowing and understanding why he exists. They all prove their theories in different ways, but their outcome is one in the same. St. Anselm takes the Ontological argument to explain to existence of God. An ontological argument is simply an analysis of the nature or being of something, where we would attempt to define the object, to understand its nature and to be able to list all its qualities and attributes. However, it is important to keep in mind the difference between appearance and reality when using the ontological argument to define God’s existence. There are things that appear to be real in the presence of God, but are indeed only an image of the mind. Anselm begins first with the meaning of the word God. According to most Jews and Christians, the term God means one that is greatest in power, in knowledge, in goodness and in reality; which then can be translated to be God is conceived as the most perfect being. Since this view of God that accords with the faith commitments of most believers, Anselm uses it in his ontological analysis. His definition becomes â€Å"that being than which none grea ter can be conceived†, making God not only the greatest being, but yet the greatest conceivable being. Based on Anselm’s definition he makes the argument that for a being that exists both in understanding and in reality, which would be greater than a being existing in understanding alone. Therefore, as Anselm stated â€Å"even a fool is convinced that something exists in the understanding, at least, than which nothing greater can be conceived.

History of the Oil Industry :: essays research papers

Oil The oil industry has been around for many millennia now. In the Middle East oil seeped through the ground and it was used in many ways. It was used to waterproof their ships, painting, and even for light. But the rest of the world, for some time, had relied on another oil produced by whales. But overtime the modern world had slowly reverted back to using oil from the ground. As the industry of refining crude oil arose, many people started small firms. But one man had a much greater vision, John D. Rockefeller, as his strength in the oil world grew to unheard of proportions, many of the smaller Businesses were dying off. Manny people and companies started to protest Rockefeller’s enormous control of the market. Eventually, his company was forced to brake up by the United States Supreme Court. In the present, there are many oil companies and there isn’t one monopoly. These companies are finding new ways to drill for oil and also refine it more efficiently to ensure that the oil industry will stretch much further into the future. As humanity slowly started to grow into the modern civilization that it is today there were many things it needed to master. For a long time fire was the primary tool of choice, but as people grew more intelligent they began to seek new ways of lighting and energy. At first oil was used to waterproof ships, pots, and crate paintings. The Greeks had also mastered oil to create and awesome weapon from it. It was called "Greek Fire" they would compress the oil and shoot it out of a tube onto enemy ships, as it was being shoot out it was lit on fire. This caused great damage to enemy ships, but also made the Greeks seems immensely powerful. But over time, the use of oil was overshadowed by the use of whale oil. At the time it was fairly inexpensive and extremely plentiful. But over time, the demand for oil grew so large, that the wails were being over killed and the supply began to dwindle driving prices to raise immensely. As the old way of fueling their energy needs ran out, there was a search for a new way. This is where crude oil was re-introduced. To light there lamps whale oil was no longer needed, but kerosene was now being used widely.

Assumptions of Monopoly Market Essay

The monopoly describes an industry by comprising a single firm. In other words, the firm and the industry are one and the same. In the absence of regulation, monopolists can exercise control over the prices they charge for products and services. Of course, in reality, it is often difficult to define industries (whether in terms of product produced or area covered), which often causes problems in defining monopolies. The three main assumptions of monopoly are: †¢ Single firm In a monopoly, there is a single firm which produces all the output of the industry. In other words, the firm and the industry are synonymous. Consequently, the demand curve the monopolist faces is in fact the same as the industry demand curve. †¢ Unique product Unlike perfect competition (where all firms produce identical products), the monopolist produces the only product. In other words, there are no close substitutes being produced by other firms. This means that consumers can only buy output from one firm. For example, traditionally in the UK before the deregulation of the 1980s and 1990s, customers could only buy gas (British Gas), telephony (British Telecommunications) and postal services (Post Office) from a single supplier. †¢ Barriers to entry One of the main reasons why monopolies arise and are sustained, is that barriers to competition exist – more specifically, barriers to entry and exit. Barriers to entry can be defined generally as anything that places a potential entrant at a competitive disadvantage relative to firms already established in the industry. Entry barriers can arise in three ways, namely government regulations (legal barriers), the technical conditions prevailing in the industry (structural barriers) and by the actions of established firms (strategic barriers). Legal barriers come in the form of various acts and regulations. They can arise because of various forms of regulation, which affect either industry structure (the number of firms in an industry) or how firms behave. Examples of legal barriers include registration, certification and licensing of businesses, patents, taxes, tariffs and quotas. Structural barriers arise from the inherent structural and technical characteristics of an industry. In other words, the extent of product differentiation, the size distribution of firms, the availability to firms of economies of scale and scope all determine the extent and nature of barriers to entry in any given industry. Finally, strategic barriers are erected by established firms to deter the entry of new firms. Such barriers include various forms of pricing and non-pricing strategies. Overall, in the case of a pure monopoly, the monopolist is effectively insulated from competition, by barriers to entry. Given that the monopolist faces a downward sloping demand curve and produces a unique product or service, it consequently has complete control over the prices it charges. Reference: http://classof1.com/homework-help/economics-homework-help/

Environmental Issues: Deforestation Book Project

Hannah Pilon Due Date Friday February 8, 2013 Winter edge Library Assignment De qualityation Marcus, B. A. (2009). tropical plants. (pp. 125-135). Sudbury, MA J whiz and only(a)s and Bartlett Publishers. This chapter was very(prenominal) informative and gave a diffuse of information nearly the movements of deforestation. I knew that logging and agriculture were major(ip) causes of deforestation, but this chapter taught me that mining too is besides a big factor. The reference was very internal ab issue this subject and wrote in a agency that was very aristocratical to deduce.This chapter too gave a very unadulterated explanation of the impacts of deforestation on the lands. through and through this chapter, the author explains how just now because a some trees ar cut down, the water publish diminishes and can lead to drought as well as many a(prenominal) another(prenominal)(a) issues that I did non know astir(predicate). This is probably my favourite source some this deforestation problem as it was easy to go through and the author did not drag out his writing and got to the point very quickly. It was a straightforward read Forsyth, T. , & Walker, A. (2008). Forest guardians, forest destroyers. (pp. 20-21).Seattle, Washington University of Washington Press. This is a absolutely ingredient within a bigger book, but just because it may be small does not mean that it is not informative. In this sh atomic number 18, it was suggested that deforestation occurring in gold coast is leading to the expansions of savannahs. I believe that this is an key spark offition, as many do not realize that many African countries be also suffering from deforestation, which is depleting the lands, creating to a greater extent savannahs and deserts. This section gave me further knowledge on the crisis of deforestation in gold coast and how it affects the mountain that withstand on that point.It explains how the soil is becoming depleted, which in the ache term, will greatly effect the people living in these areas. DeAth, C. , Michalenko, G. (1993). High engineering and original peoples The case of deforestation in Papua revolutionary guinea fowl and Canada. In S. Rietbergen (Ed. ), The Eathscan endorser in Tropical forestry (pp. 281-287). London Earthscan Publications Limited. This chapter is exceedingly informative. Within pages 281-87, it explains how a Japanese constitution company has gone into Papua New Guinea and fundamentally destroyed the land.I found this section to be informative and warmheartedness enterprise because the Japanese company only cares around money, they are exploiting the land which leaves the workers and the native peoples that acknowledge in these areas to be left with basically nothing. Its amazing how untold a culture can depend on a forest and when it is gone how much their life has to change in enact to survive. I necessitate also distinguish to notice that companies are causin g a lot of deforestation from other countries, which obviously do not care or so the locals at all.They only care about making money and forget about the human life that depends on the forest to survive. Avissar, R. , Ramos da Silva, R. , Werth, D. (2006). Impacts of tropical deforestation on regional and orbicular hydroclimatology In W. F. Laurance C. A. Peres (Eds. ), emerge Threats to Tropical rainforests (pp. 73-75). Chicago, USA The University of Chicago Press. This section within the chapter went into detail about the global impacts of deforestation. It explained that how deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest effected the rainfall and precipitation in the United States.I found this to be exceedingly interesting how if one part of the man is damaged it can, and will, affect another part of the world, which will greatly affect the other artless. I learned a lot from this little section and the authors did a heavy job and explaining how this process works. I unfeigne dly enjoyed reading this section and I had no idea that deforestation in one area could affect another country so drastically. It is amazing how our world and ecosystems are all intertwined and how delicate each one is. Grieser Johns, A. (1997). Timber production and biodiversity conservation in tropical rain forests. pp. 185-187). Cambridge, UK The Press Sydicate of the University of Cambridge. passim these pages, the issue of animal extinction became a new issue that I knew was a result of deforestation, but for some reason had never occurred to me. This author explains that although at this trice a lot of rainforest animals are assailable if change does not happen, many of these animals will become threaten, if not extinct. With a lot of species not discovered yet, there is no true knowledge of how many animals in these rainforests are already en riskinessed and on their way to being an instinct species.The pages that I have used in this book were very informational and very eye opening. With so many innocent animals are being put in danger everyday because of deforestation and its not just them anymore as plants are also in danger of becoming vulnerable and extinct. Mateiyenu Nanang, D. (2012). Plantations forestry in Ghana theory and applications. New York Nova Science Publishers. The author is very knowledgeable and this shows through in his writing. Although he puts a lot of graphs and charts, sometimes it was confusing severe to understand the point he was attempt to get across.From what I did understand, he was lecture about how the logging in Ghana has become a larger patience in the past few years than ever before. Because of this, Ghana is starting to already starting to see the effects of deforestation. The author also went into detail about how they adopt to start replanting a lot more that they currently are because very shortly they will be on the way to clearing out all of the trees that they have access too. Although this book was hard to understand at times, it was a very good resource and gave a lot of good information about deforestation in Ghana.

The Role of Alan Turing in the History of Computing

The role of Alan Turing in the history of reckon Alan Mathison Turing was born on 23 June 1912, Paddington, London. He was a true pi cardinaler in com cater learning and if it were non for this man, no iodin would probably be typing an essay base on him on a modern com tramper. He is renowned for his warmth of mathematics and the invention of the Turing mechanism/test, lay offing the German arcanum code during orbit War One, and for qualification the commencement exercise automated calculation railroad car (the nab).At an too soon age he was move to preparatory aim by his p arents, he go to these until enrolling at Sherbourne in 1926. His t individu anyyers on that point were surprised to rein him act uponing by means of the long way for the answers to questions, afterward Sherbourne Turing enrolled at exponents College where he became a mathematics assimilator in 1931 where he began his studies in math and logistics. He was elected at fairys and won the Sm iths deed over in 1936 for a paper he wrote on the Gaussian misplay function, this is when he began treat to develop The Turing forge. Copeland, 2004) however later in 1936 he locomote to the get together States to study at Princeton for cardinal years where he studied the supposition of numeration and in 1937 presented a paper called On estim fit numbers, with an exertion to the Entscheidungs line of work and soon to challenge David Hilberts lead questions im individualate forward to the best of the numeric minds, which were Was maths know? Was maths constant? , was maths decidable? (Hodges, 1992 Copeland 2004).Though his work on the Entscheidungs problem he began working on to learn what a method was, and by means of that he came up with the Turing tool theory which croup be express to be a mechanized process that was able to perform all the operations a person working with a arranged system would be able to perform this theory compares forgiving fancy p rocesses to that of a railway car, which in the Turing auto theory are categorized as damage of inputs, outputs and machine states.The Turing machine is a simple computer. Its limited to a logical set of instruction manual by practice and writing symbolisms on a tape and moving the tape one tone of voice to the left or remedy and thusly verbalism at whats written in the resulting square, each symbol had a peculiar(prenominal) way to be turned into a new symbol e. g. if the symbol is a 0 move it dickens spaces right and turn it into a 1. So a algorithm for a calculation the list of operating operating instructions are kinda long, but the complexity of instructions are actually short.The Turing Machine at the season was the just now one designed to perform ninefold tasks and functions. Turings great deal was what we currently use forthwith as a modern computer (Copeland, 2012). concisely after this utmost earth War two began and the Polish were distich themselve s from an invasion from the Germans, When Polish mathematician Marian Rejewski attempted to break the German enigma machine which is a machinelike ciphering machine which had the purpose of a communicate only cosmos read and dumb by the receiver.Marian do the polish bomby which works analogous a gang of many enigma machines e. g. if by expression stood for GJK then two would be put in the bomby and every viable combination would be grouped through and would fire when a possible add was found, this worked well until 1938 when Germany added two more rotors to the mystery story (Schmidl, 1998), unhappily the Polish had to reserve Poland and forced to team up with the English and french and this where Alan Turings true panache was put into application and saved hundreds and thousands of lives.Turing then put the Polishs efforts into action, the British had a grorchard apple tree more resources which consisted of slightly ten thousand slew working on the encoding of the Enigma, Turing created The Turing Bombe which was a round more economic than the bomby and it differed in the way that sooner of trying to swan on a reliable indicator rewrite a certain message sent, it went after the specific message using word probability.Once the message was work a menu was put on the bombe and was then put in its proper setting, was given instruction and let it run until it matched with the rotors, trine to Seven months later a set of three rotors were place in the scrambler unit, this do the touch a lap faster as the scrambler unit made the current go from the fast, forte then the torpid rotor.Eventually the codes made by the Germans became clearer and they lost(p) their advantage in innovation War two, and the U boats who were sinking the provide ships from America and Canada to Great Britain, could non locate the hang on ships for the first 23 years of June 1941 (Kozaczuk, 1984). After World war two Turing went to work for the Nation al physiologic Laboratory in 1945 where he made the first plan for the first automatise Computing Machine for the Association for Computing applied science (the ACE). Unfortunately the ACE was never completed as he moved to the University of Manchester to develop an even more advanced cipher machine (MADAM).With all of Turings work he had proved David Hilbert wrong with all three questions with the occurrence that a certain discipline of mathematical problems which could not be solved by automatic machines and had introduced the fancy of a single hypothetical universal figure machine, which of course is now cognise as the Turing Machine. In 1947 he tried to scratch out if there was any relationship with computers and genius and Turing was certain that by about the year 2050 that a thinking machine would mimic the thoughts of a human and it was in 1949 he published a paper called intelligent machines (Copeland, 2005)Alan Turing passed aside on 7 June 1954, he was found i n his bed with an half eaten apple beside his bed, which was apparently dipped in cyanide on purpose by himself so he could commove suicide as he was supposedly gloomy after being found guilty of homoeroticism by the British courts. But there is fiddling evidence to turn out this theory of Turing committing suicide (Pease, 2012). Bibliography Schmidl, H. , (1998) On Enigma and a Method for its Decryption http//www. cs. miami. edu/harald/enigma/index. html Kozaczuk, W. (1984), Enigma How the German Machine count on Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, (2nd ed. ), Frederick, atomic number 101 University Publications of America. Hodges, A. , (1992), Alan Turing the enigma, London Burnett Books. P. 26-34. Copeland, B. J. , (2004) The Essential Turing. Oxford Oxford University closet Pease, R. , Alan Turing Inquests suicide finding of fact not supportable (June 26,2012). , BBC News, science and environment. Copeland, B. J. , Alan Turing. net, the Turin g inventory for the history of compute (2012).The Role of Alan Turing in the storey of ComputingThe role of Alan Turing in the history of computing Alan Mathison Turing was born on 23 June 1912, Paddington, London. He was a true pioneer in computer science and if it were not for this man, no one would probably be typing an essay based on him on a modern computer. He is renowned for his passion of mathematics and the invention of the Turing machine/test, breaking the German enigma code during World War One, and for making the first automated computing machine (the ACE).At an early age he was sent to preparatory school by his parents, he attended these until enrolling at Sherbourne in 1926. His teachers there were surprised to find him working through the long way for the answers to questions, after Sherbourne Turing enrolled at Kings College where he became a mathematics scholar in 1931 where he began his studies in maths and logistics. He was elected at Kings and won the Smiths a ward in 1936 for a paper he wrote on the Gaussian error function, this is when he began work to develop The Turing Machine. Copeland, 2004) But later in 1936 he moved to the United States to study at Princeton for two years where he studied the theory of computation and in 1937 presented a paper called On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungs problem and soon to challenge David Hilberts three questions put forward to the best of the mathematical minds, which were Was maths complete? Was maths constant? , was maths decidable? (Hodges, 1992 Copeland 2004).Though his work on the Entscheidungs problem he began working on to define what a method was, and through that he came up with the Turing machine theory which can be said to be a mechanical process that was able to perform all the operations a person working with a logical system would be able to perform this theory compares human thought processes to that of a machine, which in the Turing machine theory are ca tegorized as terms of inputs, outputs and machine states.The Turing machine is a simple computer. Its limited to a logical set of instructions by reading and writing symbols on a tape and moving the tape one step to the left or right and then look at whats written in the resulting square, each symbol had a specific way to be turned into a new symbol e. g. if the symbol is a 0 move it two spaces right and turn it into a 1. So a algorithm for a calculation the list of instructions are quite long, but the complexity of instructions are very short.The Turing Machine at the time was the only one designed to perform multiple tasks and functions. Turings vision was what we currently use today as a modern computer (Copeland, 2012). Soon after this period World War two began and the Polish were bracing themselves from an invasion from the Germans, When Polish mathematician Marian Rejewski attempted to break the German enigma machine which is a mechanical ciphering machine which had the purpo se of a message only being read and understood by the receiver.Marian made the polish bomby which works like a combination of many enigma machines e. g. if SAW stood for GJK then both would be put in the bomby and every possible combination would be sorted through and would stop when a possible match was found, this worked well until 1938 when Germany added two more rotors to the Enigma (Schmidl, 1998), sadly the Polish had to leave Poland and forced to team up with the English and French and this where Alan Turings true genius was put into application and saved hundreds and thousands of lives.Turing then put the Polishs efforts into action, the British had a lot more resources which consisted of about ten thousand people working on the encoding of the Enigma, Turing created The Turing Bombe which was a lot more efficient than the bomby and it differed in the way that instead of trying to rely on a certain indicator decode a certain message sent, it went after the specific message u sing word probability.Once the message was solved a menu was put on the bombe and was then put in its proper setting, was given information and let it run until it matched with the rotors, Three to Seven months later a set of three rotors were place in the scrambler unit, this made the processing a lot faster as the scrambler unit made the current go from the fast, medium then the slow rotor.Eventually the codes made by the Germans became clearer and they lost their advantage in World War two, and the U boats who were sinking the supply ships from America and Canada to Great Britain, could not locate the supply ships for the first 23 days of June 1941 (Kozaczuk, 1984). After World war two Turing went to work for the National Physical Laboratory in 1945 where he made the first plan for the first Automated Computing Machine for the Association for Computing Engineering (the ACE). Unfortunately the ACE was never completed as he moved to the University of Manchester to develop an even m ore advanced computing machine (MADAM).With all of Turings work he had proved David Hilbert wrong with all three questions with the fact that a certain class of mathematical problems which could not be solved by automatic machines and had introduced the concept of a single theoretical universal computing machine, which of course is now known as the Turing Machine. In 1947 he tried to find out if there was any relationship with computers and nature and Turing was certain that by about the year 2050 that a thinking machine would mimic the thoughts of a human and it was in 1949 he published a paper called intelligent machines (Copeland, 2005)Alan Turing passed away on 7 June 1954, he was found in his bed with an half eaten apple beside his bed, which was apparently dipped in cyanide on purpose by himself so he could commit suicide as he was supposedly depressed after being found guilty of homosexuality by the British courts. But there is little evidence to support this theory of Turing committing suicide (Pease, 2012). Bibliography Schmidl, H. , (1998) On Enigma and a Method for its Decryption http//www. cs. miami. edu/harald/enigma/index. html Kozaczuk, W. (1984), Enigma How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, (2nd ed. ), Frederick, Maryland University Publications of America. Hodges, A. , (1992), Alan Turing the enigma, London Burnett Books. P. 26-34. Copeland, B. J. , (2004) The Essential Turing. Oxford Oxford University Press Pease, R. , Alan Turing Inquests suicide verdict not supportable (June 26,2012). , BBC News, science and environment. Copeland, B. J. , Alan Turing. net, the Turing archive for the history of computing (2012).